Panthera tigris sondaica

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The Javan tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica) is a species of tiger that once lived on the island of Java in Indonesia. It has been extinct since the 1980s. Although there are still reports of sightings, none of them have been confirmed. The Javan tiger is the third subspecies of tiger living in Indonesia, in addition to the Bali tiger (also extinct) and the Sumatran tiger (conservation status critically endangered), and is also the most recently extinct species of tiger. The Javan tiger is smaller than the Bengal tiger.

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Javan tigers are solitary animals, and each tiger has its own territory. When male and female tigers patrol their territory, they will raise their tails and spray strongly smelling secretions and urine on tree trunks or bushes to define their own sphere of influence. Sometimes they will also use their sharp claws to scratch marks on tree trunks to define their own sphere of influence. Only in three cases will you see several tigers living together for a period of time.

The Javan tiger has a large range of activities, generally 500~900 square kilometers, and the largest can reach more than 4,200 square kilometers. In the north, the tiger's foraging range can reach tens of kilometers, while in the south, Xishuangbanna, the range of activities is shorter because there is more food. It preys on ungulates such as wild boars, red deer, sambar deer, roe deer, musk deer, and deer. It also occasionally preys on wild birds. In summer and autumn, it also enjoys picking berries and large insects.

The Javan tiger's most sophisticated attacking weapons are its thick teeth and retractable claws. When hunting, it is extremely ferocious, quick and decisive, and its principle is to consume the least energy to obtain the largest possible harvest. However, when hunting wild beasts, it will never do it if it is not sure enough. .

Javan tigers eat 17-27 kg of meat each time, and large ones can eat up to 35 kg per meal. Because of the thick pads on their feet, tigers move with little noise and are alert and hidden. When they walk on the snow, their hind feet can accurately step on the footprints of their front feet. They have great jumping ability, and each jump is about 5-6 meters away.

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Tigers were once a large animal group in Asia, with about 100,000 in the early 20th century. However, with the large-scale destruction of the ecological environment in Asian countries in the 20th century, coupled with human occupation of tiger habitats and crazy hunting of tigers, the number of wild tigers has been reduced to less than 4,000 by the 21st century, and three subspecies have become extinct within 50 years (Bali tiger, Caspian tiger, Java tiger). Among them, only the Javan tiger became extinct under initial protection. Many experts believe that although the late 19th century to the 20th century was a new century of rapid development of human technology, it was a disaster century for tigers.

In the early 20th century, there were still nearly 10,000 Javan tigers on Java Island. However, in order to obtain their fur and bones, the Dutch colonists and local residents frantically hunted them, causing the number of Javan tigers to rapidly decrease by more than 8,000 in 40 years. In 1945, Indonesia declared independence and established its capital in Jakarta. The population on Java Island soared, leaving Javan tigers, which need a large range of activities, with nowhere to live, and their number decreased day by day. Humans hunted Javan tigers because their fur, bones and meat were extremely valuable. The invasion of Javan tiger habitats by human agricultural production led to a sharp decrease in the number of Javan tigers. In 1988, the Indonesian government was frustrated and helpless and officially announced that the Javan tiger had also become extinct in the 1980s. This was another tiger species that became extinct in Indonesia after the Bali tiger became extinct in 1937.

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Javan tigers live in the southern mountain jungles of Java Island. They have excellent vision, hearing and smell. They are not picky about climate conditions. As long as there is a hiding place, water and prey, they are not overly dependent on forests like leopards. Except for the breeding season when male and female Javan tigers move together, they live alone at other times and each needs only 100 square kilometers of activity range.

The Javan tiger is about 155 cm long and 80 cm tall at the shoulder. It is a small tropical island tiger and the second smallest tiger. The color of the tiger's fur varies from light yellow to orange-red. Their huge bodies are covered with black or dark brown horizontal stripes, which extend all the way to the chest and abdomen. The fur base color in that area is very light, usually milky white.
The male Javan tiger is 2.35-2.55 meters long and weighs 100-155 kilograms. The female is 2.1-2.3 meters long and weighs 95-115 kilograms.
The Javan tiger has a relatively long nose bone, and the nose tip is usually pink, sometimes with black spots. Its ears are short and semicircular in shape, with black backs and a large obvious white spot in the middle. The tiger's limbs are strong and powerful, with the forelimbs stronger than the hind limbs. Their tails are thick and long, surrounded by black rings, and the tip of the tail is usually black.
The Javan tiger is similar in

Panthera tigris sondaica

Zalophus japonicus

Zalophus californianus

Neophoca cinerea

Arctocephalus tropicalis

Arctocephalus townsendi

Phocarctos hookeri

Arctocephalus philippii

Arctocephalus pusillus