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Bryophytes: including mosses, bryophytes and liverworts, are the earliest plant groups to evolve to land. They do not have true root, stem and leaf structures, and the gametophyte is dominant in their life cycle.


Pteridophytes: including ferns, lycophytes and striga, have vascular tissues that can transport water and nutrients more effectively on land, and the sporophyte is dominant in their life cycle.


Gymnosperms: including conifers, ginkgos and cycads, have seeds but are not enclosed in fruits, and usually spread pollen through wind.


Angiosperms: flowering plants, the most diverse plant group today, have angiosperms and fruits, spread pollen and seeds through animal media, are highly adaptable, and are widely distributed in various environments around the world.




Primula austrofrigida: The Tundra Shooting Star

Primula austrofrigida: The Tundra Shooting Star

IntroductionPrimula austrofrigida, commonly known as the Tundra Shooting Star or···

Pistacia atlantica: The Atlantic Pistachio Tree

Pistacia atlantica: The Atlantic Pistachio Tree

IntroductionPistacia atlantica, commonly known as the Atlantic Pistachio, is a d···

Gympie Stinging Tree (Dendrocnide moroides): The Most Painful Plant on Earth

Gympie Stinging Tree (Dendrocnide moroides): The Most Painful Plant on Earth

IntroductionThe Gympie Stinging Tree (Dendrocnide moroides) is widely regarded a···

Sempervivum arachnoideum: The Spiderweb Succulent

Sempervivum arachnoideum: The Spiderweb Succulent

Sempervivum arachnoideum, commonly known as the cobweb houseleek, is a striking ···

Eriospermum titanopsoides: A Unique Succulent Adapted to Extreme Environments

Eriospermum titanopsoides: A Unique Succulent Adapted to Extreme Environments

Eriospermum titanopsoides is an extraordinary and rare geophyte endemic to South···

Snake Grape (Ampelopsis glandulosa): The Colorful Climbing Vine That Captivates Nature

Snake Grape (Ampelopsis glandulosa): The Colorful Climbing Vine That Captivates Nature

Snake Grape (Ampelopsis glandulosa)—also known as porcelain berry, wild grape, ···

Persicaria chinensis: A Versatile Medicinal and Edible Plant

Persicaria chinensis: A Versatile Medicinal and Edible Plant

IntroductionPersicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross, commonly known as Chinese Knotwe···

Hydnora esculenta: A Fascinating Parasitic Plant with Medicinal, Culinary, and Ecological Significan

Hydnora esculenta: A Fascinating Parasitic Plant with Medicinal, Culinary, and Ecological Significan

Hydnora esculenta is a remarkable parasitic plant native to Africa, known for it···

Desert Rose (Adenium obesum): A Comprehensive Guide to Care, Growth, and Propagation

Desert Rose (Adenium obesum): A Comprehensive Guide to Care, Growth, and Propagation

Introduction to Desert Rose (Adenium obesum)Desert Rose (Adenium obesum) is a st···

Tulipa regelii: The Rare and Unique Wavy-Leaved Tulip

Tulipa regelii: The Rare and Unique Wavy-Leaved Tulip

IntroductionTulipa regelii, the plicate tulip or Regel's tulip,is one of th···

Deherainia smaragdina: The

Deherainia smaragdina: The "Flower of Death" and Its Cultural Significance

Deherainia smaragdina, a shrub in the family Orobanchaceae, is a fascinating and···

Eriogonum rixfordii: The Towering Beauty of the High Desert

Eriogonum rixfordii: The Towering Beauty of the High Desert

Among the many wildflowers that grace the high desert landscapes of the American···

Prometheum sempervivoides: The Everlasting Beauty of the Alpine Stonecrop

Prometheum sempervivoides: The Everlasting Beauty of the Alpine Stonecrop

High among the rugged cliffs and rocky slopes of Eurasian mountains, where the a···

Passiflora parritae: The Rare and Enigmatic Passionflower

Passiflora parritae: The Rare and Enigmatic Passionflower

Passiflora parritae is a rare and exquisite species of passionflower native to C···

Gentianella hirculus: A Comprehensive Guide to the Rare Alpine Gentian

Gentianella hirculus: A Comprehensive Guide to the Rare Alpine Gentian

Gentianella hirculus is a rare and intriguing species within the Gentianaceae fa···

Conical Pagoda (Mimetes capitulatus): A Rare Jewel of the Fynbos

Conical Pagoda (Mimetes capitulatus): A Rare Jewel of the Fynbos

Introduction to Conical Pagoda (Mimetes capitulatus)The Conical Pagoda (Mimetes ···

Kamchatka Rhododendron (Rhododendron camtschaticum): Fascinating Facts About This Arctic Beauty

Kamchatka Rhododendron (Rhododendron camtschaticum): Fascinating Facts About This Arctic Beauty

The Kamchatka Rhododendron (Rhododendron camtschaticum) is a unique and resilien···

Dorstenia gigas: Fascinating Facts About Socotra’s Unique Succulent

Dorstenia gigas: Fascinating Facts About Socotra’s Unique Succulent

Dorstenia gigas is a rare and intriguing succulent species endemic to the island···

Climacoptera lanata: A Resilient Halophyte Thriving in Extreme Environments

Climacoptera lanata: A Resilient Halophyte Thriving in Extreme Environments

Climacoptera lanata is a remarkable halophytic plant belonging to the Amaranthac···

Ephedra sinica: A Comprehensive Guide to Its Uses, Benefits, and Risks

Ephedra sinica: A Comprehensive Guide to Its Uses, Benefits, and Risks

Ephedra sinica, commonly known as Ma Huang, is a medicinal herb widely used in T···