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Birds: different species, definitions, photos, and more

Birds are advanced vertebrates that are adapted to life on land and in the air. Birds in China are divided into six categories: waterfowl, wading birds, climbing birds, land birds, raptors, and songbirds. These six categories are collectively referred to as the six major ecological groups of birds. There are many species of birds, spread all over the world, and the ecology is diverse. There are more than 9,020 known bird species in existence, and more than 1,400 species in China.

Birds (Aves) are a unique category of vertebrates, known for their feathers covering their entire body, their ability to fly, and their ability to lay eggs. Birds are the only existing animals with feathers and play an important role in biodiversity and ecosystems.

  • Scientific name: Aves

  • Main features:

    1. Feathers: Feathers are a unique feature of birds and are used for flight, insulation and display.

    2. Homothermia: Birds are warm-blooded animals and can survive in a variety of environments.

    3. Flight ability: Most birds can fly, but there are exceptions (such as ostriches and penguins).

    4. Oviparous: Birds reproduce by laying eggs, which have hard shells.

    5. Beak: Birds have no teeth, and their beaks are adapted to different feeding needs.

  • Ecological role:

    • Pollination, seed dispersal, pest control.

    • An important link in the food chain.

  • Evolutionary history:

    • Birds originated from dinosaurs in the Mesozoic era (about 150 million years ago).

    • Archaeopteryx is considered an important transitional species between birds and dinosaurs.


Bird classification table

Birds include about 30 orders, covering more than 10,000 known species. The following is a detailed classification of birds, including major orders, families, genera and typical representatives.


Classification levelOrderFamilyGenusRepresentative birds (Examples)
Land birds
GalliformesPhasianidaePheasant (Phasianus)pheasant, peacock


Guinea fowl (Numididae)Guinea fowl (Numida)guinea fowl


MeleagrididaeMeleagrisTurkey
WaterfowlAnseriformesAnatidaeAnasWild duck, swan



BrantaBranta
Birds of preyFalconiformesFalconidaeFalcoSaker Falcon, Peregrine Falcon

AccipitriformesAccipitridaeAquilagolden eagle, vulture



MilvusRed kite, black kite
Wading birdsCiconiiformesStorks (Ciconiidae)CiconiaWhite stork, black stork

PelecaniformesPelecanidaePelecanusWhite Pelican, Brown Pelican


FregatidaeFregatafrigate bird
SongbirdsPasseriformesPasseridaePasserHouse sparrow, mountain sparrow


HirundinidaeHirundoBarn swallow, sand swallow


PsittacidaePsittacusafrican gray parrot
seabirdsCharadriiformesLaridaeLarusHerring Gull, Black-backed Gull


Plovidae (Charadriidae)CharadriusGolden Plover, Ring-necked Plover

Albatross (Procellariiformes)Albatross family (Diomedeidae)Albatross (Diomedea)Wandering Albatross
Climbing birdsWoodpeckers (Piciformes)Woodpeckers (Picidae)Woodpecker (Dendrocopos)Great Spotted Woodpecker

Buddha, Dharma and Sangha (Coraciiformes)CoraciiformesCoraciasBlue-breasted Buddha monk
Penguin categoryPenguin Order (Sphenisciformes)Penguin family (Spheniscidae)Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis)Emperor Penguin, Adélie Penguin

Main evolutionary history of birds

Origin

Birds originated from dinosaurs and are descendants of theropod dinosaurs. Archaeopteryx from the Mesozoic Era (about 150 million years ago) is the earliest known bird fossil, with dinosaur teeth and bird feathers, and is regarded as a transitional species between birds and dinosaurs.

Evolution and Diversity

  1. Cenozoic Flourish: After the extinction of the dinosaurs, birds underwent rapid adaptive radiation evolution, expanding into a variety of ecological niches.

  2. Flight and Adaptation: Birds have lightweight skeletons and streamlined bodies, which provide an evolutionary advantage for flight.

  3. Global Distribution: There are more than 10,000 existing species of birds, distributed in almost all habitats on Earth.


Ecological Roles of Birds

  1. Pollination and Seed Dispersal: Birds such as hummingbirds and parrots maintain plant diversity by pollinating and dispersing seeds.

  2. Pest Control: Woodpeckers and swallows control insect populations, which helps agriculture.

  3. Ecological Balance: Birds of prey such as eagles and falcons are at the top of the food chain and maintain the stability of the ecosystem.


Bird Conservation Status

  1. Habitat Loss: Deforestation and wetland destruction threaten bird survival.

  2. Climate Change: Climate change affects the reproduction and habitat of migratory birds.

  3. Conservation Actions: Bird sanctuaries, such as crane sanctuaries and wetland restoration projects, have been established around the world.


Conclusion

Birds are among the most diverse and adaptable animals on Earth. From songbirds to raptors, from land to sea, birds have demonstrated extraordinary evolutionary adaptability. Through this detailed classification list and bird introduction, users can gain in-depth knowledge of the evolutionary history, classification, and important role of birds in the ecosystem. This not only helps spread knowledge, but also provides a scientific basis for bird protection.

Waterfowl Wading birds Climbing birds Landfowl Bird of prey Songbird
Bubo scandiacus

Bubo scandiacus

Bubo scandiacus,Snowy Owl,Snowy Owl, White Owl, White Owl, Snow Eagle

Features:It is the provincial bird of Quebec, Canada.

Snowy Owl, also known as Snowy Owl in English, is a bird of prey with no subspecies.The snowy owl is the provincial bird of Quebec, Canada, and the image of the snowy owl is also on the 50 Canadian dollar note issued in 1986; the main pattern of the coat of arms of former Canadian Governor General J...

Otus elegan

Otus elegan

Otus elegan,Ryukyu Scops-owl,Elegant Scops-Owl,Okinawa Scops Owl, Ryukyu Scops Owl

Features:The wings have different shapes, and the fifth secondary flight feather is missing.

The elegant scops-owl, also known as the Ryukyu Scops-owl, is a nocturnal bird of prey with four subspecies.The difference between the elegant scops-owl and the collared scops-owl is that the eyes are yellow and there is no collar; the difference between the elegant scops-owl and the yellow-billed s...

Otus sunia

Otus sunia

Otus sunia,Oriental Scops-owl,Common horned owl, Eastern owl

Features:The upper body is gray-brown (sometimes brown-chestnut), with dark brown fine lines like insects

The Oriental Scops-owl is a small bird of prey with 9 subspecies.The Red Scops Owl is a resident bird. It usually moves alone except in pairs during the breeding season. Nocturnal, hiding in dense branches and leaves of trees during the day, leaning against tree trunks or in holes. Roosting alone, s...

Otus scops

Otus scops

Otus scops,Eurasian Scops-owl,Eurasian scops owl, Common scops owl, Ulabaul-Ulba, night owl, cacophonous bird

Features:The body feathers have many vertical stripes, and are divided into brown and gray types.

The Western Red Scops Owl, whose foreign name is Eurasian Scops-owl, has 5 subspecies.In 2015, following a detailed review by Flint et al., "Otus scops" was classified into Western red scops (Otus scops) and Cyprus scops (Otus cyprius) based on significant vocal differences and slight feat...

Otus brucei

Otus brucei

Otus brucei,Pallid Scops Owl

Features:The ear feathers and facial disc are more obvious

Pallid Scops Owl is a small osprey with 4 subspecies.Pallid Scops Owl usually moves alone or in pairs. It is nocturnal and moves mostly at dusk and night. It mainly feeds on insects, and also eats small rodents and birds. The call is monotonous, a two-syllable sound, often repeated for a long time....

Otus semitorques

Otus semitorques

Otus semitorques,Japanese Scops-owl

Features:The body has dark brown fine worm-like feathers

The Japanese Scops-owl is called Japanese Scops-owl in English and has three subspecies.The Northern Scops Owl was once a subspecies of "Otus bakkamoena semitorques" (Japanese subspecies of Scops Owl), and was classified as an independent species in 2014.The Northern Scops Owl is a residen...

Otus lettia

Otus lettia

Otus lettia,Collared Scops Owl

Features:The facial disc is dark yellow with some dark concentric spots

Collared Scops Owl, also known as Collared Scops Owl, is a small bird with 5 subspecies.Collared Scops Owl is a nocturnal animal and is rarely seen during the day. During the day, it perches on dense branches, standing still and motionless.The scops owl makes a single, soft call, "buuo", w...

Otus spilocephalus

Otus spilocephalus

Otus spilocephalus,Mountain Scops-owl

Features:There are no obvious vertical or horizontal stripes, only a row of large triangular white spots on the shoulders.

The Yellow-billed Scops Owl is a small bird with 8 subspecies.The Yellow-billed Scops Owl is a resident bird. It is nocturnal and mainly active at night and dusk. It hides in dark leaves or caves during the day. Mostly live alone or in pairs. They mainly feed on rodents, lizards, large insects and i...

Buteo refectus

Buteo refectus

Buteo refectus,Himalayan Buzzard,Buteo buteo burmanicus Hume, 1875,Buteo japonicus refectus Portenko, 1935,Buteo refectus Portenko, 1935,Buteo buteo refectus Portenko, 1935

Features:The position of the nostrils is parallel to the mouth.

Himalayan Buzzard, also known as Himalayan Buzzard in English, is a medium-sized bird of prey with no subspecies.The scientific name of the Himalayan buzzard is (Buteo refectus), which was once included in the Eurasian buzzard (Buteo buteo). In 2014, it was separated from the Eurasian buzzard and be...

Buteo japonicus

Buteo japonicus

Buteo japonicus,Eastern Buzzard,Japanese buzzard, East Asian buzzard

Features:Once a subspecies of the Eurasian buzzard (Buteo buteo), it was classified as a separate species in 2014.

Common buzzard is a medium-sized bird of prey with three subspecies.Common buzzards are lighter and have fewer feathers on their tibia than Eurasian buzzards. The body feathers are noticeably redder and the head is usually whiter. The white feathers on the chest have black stripes, and the abdomen a...

Buteo hemilasius

Buteo hemilasius

Buteo hemilasius,Upland Buzzard,Leopard, egret leopard

Features:Brownish-yellow wings with white spots on the underside when flying

The Upland Buzzard is a large bird of prey with no subspecies.The Upland Buzzard is mainly a resident bird, and some are migratory. In spring, most of them arrive at the breeding grounds in late March or early April, and in autumn, most of them leave the breeding grounds in late October to mid-Novem...

Buteo lagopus

Buteo lagopus

Buteo lagopus,Rough-legged Buzzard, Snow Leopard, Hairy-footed Buzzard

Features:It is named for its thick feathers covering its toes. It is a rare winter and migratory bird.

Rough-legged Buzzard is a medium-sized bird of prey with 4 subspecies.Rough-legged Buzzard is a migratory bird. It is mostly solitary, flying over open fields and farmland, and hovering more often than ordinary buzzards. It is similar to a large harrier when flying. It is active mainly during the da...

Butastur indicus

Butastur indicus

Butastur indicus,Grey-faced Buzzard,Gray-faced hawk, Gray-faced hawk, Gray-faced buzzard

Features:They are bold and have a loud voice.

Grey-faced Buzzard is a medium-sized bird of prey with no subspecies.Grey-faced Buzzard often acts alone and only forms groups during migration. During the day, it hovers over the forest, flies at low altitude, or soars in circles. Sometimes it also perches on the tops of dead trees in swamps and is...

Butastur liventer

Butastur liventer

Butastur liventer,Rufous-winged Buzzard Eagle

Features:Not very fierce temperament

Rufous-winged Buzzard Eagle, foreign name Rufous-winged Buzzard Eagle, no subspecies.Rufous-winged Buzzard Eagle often stands on treetop dead branches or on telephone poles. It is solitary and acts alone. It flies briskly and moves agilely. When flying, the two wings are constantly flapping, sometim...

Butastur teesa

Butastur teesa

Butastur teesa,White-eyed Buzzard,

Features:The eyes are white and very eye-catching, hence the name

White-eyed Buzzard is a medium-sized bird of prey with no subspecies.White-eyed Buzzards are mostly solitary, alert, and have sharp vision. Sometimes they also move on the ground. When flying, it usually stays close to the ground, rarely soaring or gliding, and even if it soars, the time is very sho...

Icthyophaga humilis

Icthyophaga humilis

Icthyophaga humilis,Lesser Fish-eagle,Small fish sculpture,Haliaeetus humilis (Müller & Schlegel, 1841),Pigarguillo Menor,Falco humilis Muller & Schlegel, 1841,Ichthyophaga humilis (Müller &am

Features:The soles of the feet are covered with spicules that are as rough as sandpaper

Lesser Fish-eagle, also known as the Lesser Fish-eagle, is a large bird of prey with no subspecies.The Lesser Fish-eagle is an occasional winter migratory bird in China. It likes to stay on big trees or rocks. Its "ah, ah" cry is very loud. It feeds almost entirely on fish, and only occasi...

Haliaeetus pelagicus

Haliaeetus pelagicus

Haliaeetus pelagicus,Aquila pelagica,Stellers Sea Eagle,Steller's eagle, sea eagle, golden eagle

Features:The largest sculpture in the world

Stellers Sea Eagle, also known as Stellers Sea Eagle in English, is a large bird of prey with two subspecies.The Steller's Sea Eagle has only one named subspecies in China, which is extremely rare and has only been recorded in Luannan, Hebei, Yuci, Shanxi, Dalian and Yingkou, Liaoning, Hunchun,...

Haliaeetus leucoryphus

Haliaeetus leucoryphus

Haliaeetus leucoryphus,Pallas's Fish Eagle,Band-tailed Fish-eagle ,Pallas's Fish-eagle Pallas's Sea-eagle,Black Eagle, Jade

Features:Tail feathers are very precious feather ornaments

Pallas's Fish Eagle is a large bird of prey with no subspecies.Pallas's Fish Eagle lives in open areas with lakes, rivers and ponds, and can live in plains or plateau lake areas. It mainly feeds on fish and waterfowl. They often catch various waterfowl on the water surface, such as wild gees...

Haliaeetus leucogaster (Gmelin, 1788)

Haliaeetus leucogaster (Gmelin, 1788)

Haliaeetus leucogaster (Gmelin, 1788),White-bellied Sea Eagle,White-bellied Eagle, White-tailed Eagle

Features:It has a simple call and is an excellent hunter both at sea and on land.

White-bellied Sea Eagle is a large bird of prey with no subspecies.White-bellied Sea Eagle usually flies alone or in pairs along the coast at low altitudes over the water, flapping its wings slowly and powerfully, and sometimes soaring and gliding in the sky. When soaring or gliding in the sky, the...

Haliastur indus

Haliastur indus

Haliastur indus,Brahminy Kite,Red Eagle, Red Eagle

Features:The head, neck, chest and upper back are white, and the rest of the body feathers and wings are chestnut

Brahminy Kite is a medium-sized bird of prey with four subspecies in the world.Brahminy Kite usually migrates in spring from March to April and leaves in autumn from October to November, but it is rare in all places.The chestnut kite mainly feeds on crabs, frogs, fish, etc. It also eats insects, shr...

Milvus migrans

Milvus migrans

Milvus migrans,Black Kite,Falco migrans Boddaert, 1783,Milvus lineatus (J.E. Gray, 1831),kite,glede

Features:When flying, there is a large white spot on each side of the wing.

Black Kite [hēi yuān] is a medium-sized bird of prey with 5 subspecies.The black kite (Milvus migrans) was divided into "black kite" (M. migrans) and "yellow-billed kite" (M. aegyptius) in 2014 (Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International 2020).Black kites are...