Rusa timorensis

The ibex is larger than the Indian spotted deer, but does not have the white spots. It is 83-110 cm long and weighs 74-60 kg. Males are larger than females. Males usually weigh up to 152 kg, while females weigh about 74 kg. Males have three-pronged lyre-shaped antlers with two prongs on the main stem, and the antlers weigh about 2.5 kg. The ears are round and wide, and the eyes are large. Compared with other deer, the legs are shorter and thicker, and the hooves are smaller. The tail is thin. The body hair is coarse. The summer hair is brown and the belly is white; the winter hair is slightly lighter than the summer hair.

Origin: Indonesia, including Bali and Java.
Introduced: Australia, Brazil, Indonesia (Papua, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands and Maluku), Malaysia, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Reunion Island, Thailand and East Timor.
The iguana is a tropical and subtropical grassland species. It inhabits deciduous forests, plantations, shrublands, deciduous broad-leaved forests, artificial forests and grasslands in island Southeast Asia, preferring the edges of forests. But it is highly flexible and successfully breeds in forests, mountains, scrublands and swamps. It has been found living at altitudes from sea level to 900 meters. Some subpopulations undergo seasonal migrations; for example, iguana numbers in western Papua and the border areas of Papua New Guinea peak during the rainy season, while many migrate to the interior of Papua New Guinea during the dry season.

Rusa timorensis (scientific name: Javan Deer, Javan Rusa, Rusa, Rusa Deer, Sunda Sambar, Timor Deer, Cerf de Timor in French, Sambar de Java in Spanish, Mähnenhirsch in German, with 7 subspecies.

Where hunting or other disturbances are not a big problem, ibex are primarily nocturnal, gathering in large groups in open areas at night. Activity often involves a lot of nocturnal activity, even in undisturbed or low-hunting areas. Iguanas are more social than others of their kind. Herds are segregated by sex, except during mating season, and can contain up to 25 individuals.

Iguana lives in dense tropical humid forests, often near water sources. They live in small groups, active in the early morning and evening, and have a certain range of activities. They are agile and cautious, run fast, like to bathe, and are good at swimming. Although Iguana is mainly active at night, it may graze during the day. Unlike many other deer species, Iguana does not raise its tail when running away. Recorded sounds include alarm barks and piercing roars made by males during mating season. During the mating season, males decorate their antlers with grass and branches to attract females and intimidate competitors. Males and females live separately for most of the year and only live together during the mating season. Young deer live with their mothers until they reach sexual maturity.

Like most deer, ibex eat mostly grasses and leaves, and rarely drink water, as they can get the moisture they need from grasses and leaves. The ibex's dentition and mouth shape are highly adaptable in terms of diet, and they will eat leaves and bark of herbs, shrubs, and even seaweed, although it seems to prefer certain types of grasses, including those in its native range. In New Caledonia and Australia, the species poses a threat to native trees.

Iguana, like other deer species, has a polygamous mating system, with males competing for mating rights. In the Torres Strait Islands, mating occurs in the spring (September-October) and young are born in the fall (April-May). In other parts of Australia, ibex seem to breed at any time of the year, with mating peaking from late June to August and calving peaking in March-April. In Indonesia, breeding occurs year-round, although mating activity in Bali increases from June to September, while in Java, mating behavior peaks between July and September. Gestation is eight months, with one calf born per litter. The calves are spotted. They nurse for six to eight months, reach sexual maturity at 18 to 24 months, and live 15 to 20 years.

Iguana are common in most areas. Most populations are outside their native range, including some of the most active: New Caledonia, where the species is estimated to number at least 120,000; Mauritius, where the species is estimated to number about 60,000 and ecological problems exist; Sulawesi and the Maluku Islands and western Papua, where more than 8,000 were estimated in 1992 in the Wasul National Park alone. 4,000 iguanas were introduced from New Caledonia in the 1990s and are said to be expanding. A large population of 5,000 to 10,000 animals is found in New South Wales, Australia. Several small (<100) feral herds are found in coastal areas of Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland (Moriarty 2004). The iguana species population was estimated at 16,000 in 2000.

As shown by the invasion of peri-urban areas of Sydney and Brisbane by iguanas, the size of wild herds appears to be increasing. A small population of iguanas has been introduced to the North Island of New Zealand, where it is reportedly unlikely to expand (Fraser et al. 2000). In contrast, the species has declined significantly in some areas of Java, where iguanas are native (Semiadi 2006), including Baluran National Park, which (at least in the 1990s) had the largest population of iguanas in its natural range. In 1996, during a census of the species, when multiple teams of observers were deployed simultaneously in iguanas habitat, 2,500-3,000 iguanas were counted. Between 12 September 1998 and 18 January 1999, the species population was thought to be above 1,000 individuals, and is likely to have declined further. Even in the 1980s-mid-1990s, the species was present in small numbers in Bali, with probably only one significant location: Bali Barat National Park, and probably no more than 10 populations in the native range (= Java and Bali), which, given the size of the Barulan population, probably has over 10,000 mature individuals in the native range, meaning that the species census count was incredible at around 13,000-20,000 individuals, even in the mid-1990s. In 2014, local populations of the species were thought to continue to decline, with the exception of herds of iguanas in relatively well-managed protected areas such as Ujung Kulon and Meru Betiri National Parks in Java. There are more iguanas in the introduced range, but they are not counted for the purpose of classifying the species according to population size and trends for the IUCN Red List.

Listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2014 ver3.1 - Vulnerable (VU).

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