Bos javanicus

Javan buffalo is called Banteng in foreign language, and there are two subspecies.

Javan buffalo usually live alone or 2-3 heads live together, and sometimes form a large group of 2-25 heads or more. Sometimes female cows, calves and sub-adults form a small group of more than 10 heads and move together. They move at night and rest during the day. They lie in a circle with a cow standing guard. When they encounter danger, the cow immediately stamps her feet to warn, and the cows immediately jump up and run for their lives. They feed on various wild grasses, leaves, tree buds, bamboo leaves or bamboo shoots.

The Javan wild cattle are similar in shape to yellow cattle (Bos taurus), with a unique, disc-shaped white spot on the buttocks. Like the white-limbed wild cattle (Bos frontalis), the hair below the knees of the Javan wild cattle's limbs is also white.

The Javan wild cattle have a gestation period of 7-8 months. They give birth to one calf in late spring and early summer every year, with a lactation period of 6-9 months and sexual maturity at 2-3 years old. Javan wild cattle live up to 20 years in the wild and over 26 years in captivity.

The total number of wild Javan wild cattle is estimated to be around 5,000-8,000 (as of 2014) animals. The most important stronghold of the species is the island of Java, with the largest populations in Ujung Kulon National Park and Balulan National Park. The largest land population is in the Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary in Thailand. A small number live in the Kaeng Krachan National Park in Thailand. There are still a few hundred Javan wild cattle in Borneo, with more than a hundred living in the Kulamba Wildlife Sanctuary in Sabah. Javan wild cattle have been domesticated in several places in Southeast Asia (domesticated ones are called Bali cattle), with an estimated 1.5 million in Thailand (as of 2014). They have also been introduced to northern Australia, where they have established a stable wild population.

The main reasons for the endangerment are human economic development and habitat destruction, which have led to a reduction in distribution range, a sharp decline in resources, and excessive hunting, which has put it in an endangered state.

Listed in the "Red List of Endangered Species of the World Conservation Union" (IUCN) 2014 ver 3.1-Endangered (EN).

Listed in the "China Biodiversity Red List" (Mammals)-Critically Endangered (CR).

Listed in the "China National Key Protected Wildlife List" first level.

Protect wild animals and stop eating game.

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Existence: Cambodia, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Java, Bali), Malaysia (Sabah), Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam in South and Southeast Asia. Introduced to northern Australia in 1849.
Uncertain existence: China (Xishuangbanna Mengla County).
Extinct: Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, India, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia).
Existence (uncertain seasonality): Lao People's Democratic Republic.
Possibly extinct: Malaysia (Sarawak).
Javan bison inhabit relatively open areas in tropical and subtropical areas, but hide in broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests. Because it is located in the transition zone from tropical to subtropical, there are many types of grasslands. Above 2500 meters above sea level, it is mostly mountain shrubs, subalpine and alpine meadows; above 1500-2500 meters above sea level, it is mainly shrubs and mountain sparse grasses; below 1500 meters above sea level, it is mainly medium and low mountains and hilly shrubs. These precious ecolo

Body length 190-225 cm; tail length 65-70 cm; shoulder width 155-165 cm; weight 600-800 kg. The tail is slender and hangs down below the knee. The horns are small. Adult bulls have two horns connected by a horn mass at the base. There is a unique, large, disc-shaped white spot on the buttocks. The lower parts of the limbs are stained white. There are white spots above the eyes. The body is similar to that of domestic cattle, but the neck is relatively slender, the head is smaller, and there is a ridge on the back above the shoulders. The female's horns are short and curved, pointing inwards at the tip, while the male's horns are curved upwards and are about 60 cm long. The female's coat is lighter than the male's, usually light reddish brown. In adult males, the coat is blue-black or dark brown.