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Waterfowl

Waterfowl is one of the six major ecological groups of birds, covering all species in the seven orders of Anseriformes, Loons, Grebes, Slugformes, Pelecaniformes, Larus, and Spheniscus in the traditional classification system of birds. Waterfowl are suitable for feeding in water. Such as geese, ducks, swans, etc. They like to live in water, with feet stretched back, webbed toes, flat or pointed beaks, good at swimming, diving and digging food in water, most of them are not good at walking on land, but fly very fast.

I. General Overview of Water Birds

  1. Definition and Characteristics

    • Habitat: Primarily found in or around bodies of water (rivers, lakes, wetlands, seas). Many species rely on aquatic environments for foraging or breeding, though some also spend time on land or in flight.

    • Morphological Adaptations: Often exhibit webbed (or partially webbed) feet, streamlined bodies, dense plumage with effective waterproofing, and well-developed oil glands—all aiding in swimming, diving, or floating.

    • Diverse Diets: Ranging from aquatic plants, plankton, fish, crustaceans, to mollusks, reflecting herbivorous, omnivorous, or carnivorous feeding habits.

    • Reproductive Strategies: Many nest near shorelines or in wetlands. Some species form large breeding colonies, migrate seasonally, or exhibit specialized egg incubation behaviors (including underwater nest sites).

  2. Diversity and Distribution

    • “Water birds” are distributed worldwide, from polar penguins to tropical pelicans, from inland loons to pelagic albatrosses.

    • Because of similar habitat demands, many unrelated groups exhibit convergent evolution (e.g., webbed feet, streamlined shapes) despite varying systematic positions.


II. Brief History and Evolution

  1. Broader Avian Background

    • Birds originated from theropod dinosaurs in the Mesozoic era. By the late Cretaceous, they had already diversified significantly.

    • Through continental drift and climate shifts, various avian lineages adapted to marine, coastal, and inland aquatic environments, evolving specialized forms for swimming, diving, or wading.

  2. Multiple Independent Transitions to Aquatic Life

    • Modern water birds do not derive from a single common “water-adapted ancestor.” Rather, different avian lineages evolved aquatic lifestyles multiple times (e.g., ducks vs. penguins have distant ancestry).

    • Convergent traits include webbing or lobed feet, waterproof plumage, streamlined bodies, salt glands (in some marine birds), and diving adaptations.

  3. Human Interactions

    • Aquatic birds play essential ecological roles—controlling aquatic prey, dispersing seeds, and serving as indicators of environmental health.

    • Humans have historically hunted or domesticated many water birds (e.g., ducks and geese) and continue to impact them through wetland drainage, pollution, and climate change.


III. Major Taxonomic Groups of “Water Birds”

Below is a simplified list of avian orders and families commonly associated with aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats. It includes typical genera and example species.

Note: For clarity, we focus on birds strongly linked to swimming and diving. Some waders or partially aquatic birds (e.g., certain Gruiformes or terrestrial waterfowl) are mentioned briefly. This summary is not exhaustive.


1. Order Anseriformes (Waterfowl)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Anatidae (Ducks, Geese, Swans)Anas (mallards), Branta (geese), Cygnus (swans), etc.Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus), Canada Goose (Branta canadensis)Classic waterfowl with webbed feet, globally widespread. Diets vary from herbivory to omnivory. Many species migrate.
Anhimidae (Screamers) – less commonAnhima (Horned Screamer)Horned Screamer (Anhima cornuta)South American birds with partially webbed feet; quite different in appearance from typical ducks.
Anseranatidae (Magpie Goose) – less commonAnseranas (Magpie Goose)Magpie Goose (Anseranas semipalmata)Found in Australia and New Guinea; has semi-webbed feet, mixing goose/duck traits with more primitive features.

2. Order Podicipediformes (Grebes)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Podicipedidae (Grebes)Podiceps (e.g., Great Crested Grebe), Tachybaptus (Little Grebe)Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus), Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis)Skilled divers with legs placed far back on the body for propulsion, typically nest in floating vegetation.

3. Order Gaviiformes (Loons)

FamilyRepresentative GenusExample SpeciesNotes
Gaviidae (Loons)Gavia (the loon genus)Arctic Loon (Gavia arctica), Pacific Loon (Gavia pacifica), etc.Northern Hemisphere diving birds; legs placed far to the rear, excellent swimmers, awkward on land.

4. Order Procellariiformes (Tubenoses)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Diomedeidae (Albatrosses)Diomedea, Phoebastria, etc.Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans), Black-footed Albatross (Phoebastria nigripes)Masterful long-distance fliers, extremely long wings, found circling the globe at sea.
Procellariidae (Shearwaters, Petrels)Puffinus (Shearwaters), Calonectris, Fulmarus, etc.Cory’s Shearwater (Calonectris diomedea), Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis)Pelagic birds with tubular nostrils aiding salt excretion; many feed on the ocean surface.
Hydrobatidae (Storm Petrels)Oceanodroma, etc.Leach’s Storm Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), etc.Smallest seabirds, feeding far offshore, returning to land only to breed, weak swimmers.

5. Order Pelecaniformes (Pelicans and Allies) & Related Seabirds

Modern molecular data often place frigatebirds, boobies, cormorants, pelicans, and others within or near Pelecaniformes and Suliformes. Below are some key “aquatic” families.

OrderFamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
PelecaniformesPelecanidae (Pelicans)Pelecanus (pelicans)Great White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus), etc.Large gular pouch for scooping fish, often nest in colonies near water.

Ardeidae (Herons, Egrets)* partially wadingArdea (herons), Egretta (egrets)Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Great Egret (Egretta alba)Many are waders, but some can swim; typically hunt fish/amphibians in shallow water.
SuliformesPhalacrocoracidae (Cormorants)Phalacrocorax (cormorants)Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), etc.Diving piscivores with partially wettable plumage, often seen drying wings after fishing.

Sulidae (Boobies, Gannets)Sula (boobies), Morus (gannets)Northern Gannet (Morus bassanus), Peruvian Booby (Sula variegata)Marine plunge divers, snatching fish with swift dives from the air.

Fregatidae (Frigatebirds)Fregata (frigatebirds)Magnificent Frigatebird (Fregata magnificens), etc.Superb aerialists, small webbed feet, seldom land on water, often steal food from other birds.

6. Order Sphenisciformes (Penguins)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Spheniscidae (Penguins)Aptenodytes (Emperor Penguins), Pygoscelis (Adélie Penguins), Spheniscus (banded penguins), etc.Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri), Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae), etc.Flightless marine birds in the Southern Hemisphere, wings modified into flippers for efficient underwater swimming.

7. Order Charadriiformes (Selected Water-Associated Groups)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Laridae (Gulls, Terns)Larus (gulls), Sternula (terns), Chroicocephalus (black-headed gulls), etc.Herring Gull (Larus argentatus), Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus), etc.Worldwide distribution, opportunistic feeders, both marine and inland aquatic habitats.
Stercorariidae (Skuas, Jaegers)Stercorarius (jaegers)Pomarine Jaeger (Stercorarius pomarinus), etc.Aggressive seabirds often stealing prey (“kleptoparasitism”) from other birds.
Alcidae (Auks, Puffins, Guillemots)Fratercula (puffins), Uria (murres), etc.Tufted Puffin (Fratercula cirrhata), Thick-billed Murre (Uria lomvia)Northern Hemisphere diving seabirds reminiscent of penguins, but capable of flight.
Glareolidae (Coursers, Pratincoles)* Some semi-aquaticGlareola (pratincoles), etc.Oriental Pratincole (Glareola maldivarum), etc.Some species inhabit wetlands or riverbanks, capturing insects or small aquatic prey in flight.

8. Order Phoenicopteriformes (Flamingos)

FamilyRepresentative GenusExample SpeciesNotes
Phoenicopteridae (Flamingos)Phoenicopterus (Greater Flamingo), etc.Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber), Chilean Flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis), etc.Long legs and neck, specialized lamellae for filtering algae, crustaceans in saline or brackish lagoons.

IV. Conclusion

  1. A Polyphyletic Assembly

    • Though we informally group these adept swimmers and divers as “water birds,” molecular phylogenetics shows they belong to many orders and families with varying degrees of evolutionary distance.

    • Convergent traits (webbed feet, waterproof feathers, streamlined bodies) reflect repeated adaptations to aquatic life.

  2. Evolution and Ecological Role

    • The diversity of water birds stems from geographical and resource-driven selective pressures across seas, lakes, rivers, and wetlands.

    • In aquatic ecosystems, they fill roles ranging from herbivores and carnivores to scavengers and bioindicators, crucial for ecological balance.

  3. Conservation Challenges

    • Habitat degradation (wetland loss), coastal and ocean pollution, overfishing, and climate change all threaten water bird populations. Migratory species require international cooperation and protected areas.

    • Understanding their taxonomy, habits, and evolutionary history emphasizes the importance of preserving aquatic ecosystems—and the birds that rely on them.


While this overview includes many prominent aquatic bird orders and families, it is not exhaustive. Ongoing molecular studies may shift the classification of certain groups. For deeper or region-specific information, consulting specialized field guides, scientific papers, and local avifaunal surveys is recommended. By showcasing the diversity of water birds, your website can help users appreciate the fascinating adaptations and ecological roles these species play in aquatic habitats.

Waterfowl Wading birds Climbing birds Landfowl Bird of prey Songbird
Mergellus albellus

Mergellus albellus

White merganser duck, small merganser duck, Sichuan merganser duck, Panda duck,Mergellus albellus,Smew

Features:A duck that looks a bit like a panda

Merganser maculata is Smew, no subspecies.In spring, a large number of March-headed mergansers migrate north from their southern wintering grounds from mid-March to early April, while a small number migrate as late as early to mid-April. Autumn begins to move away from the breeding grounds in early...

Tadorna cristata

Tadorna cristata

Chicken head and duck,Tadorna cristata,Crested Shelduck

Features:Dimorphism. The male has a black-green crown, the female has white eye circles, and the head has prominent feathers.

The crested duck (Tadorna cristata) is a group of birds of the family Anatidae, inhabiting lakes, rivers, ponds, salt ponds, estuarine marshes, and grasslands. Mixing with other duck species. They live in pairs during breeding period and in family groups and small groups during non-breeding period....

Gadwall

Gadwall

Green edge boy, beautiful scenery,Anas strepera,Gadwall

Features:The male has a black bill and orange-yellow feet. The female beak is orange and the peak black.

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Anas falcata

Anas falcata

Lapwing, Sickle duck, Flathead duck, early duck, three duck, Sickle feather duck,Anas falcata,Falcated Teal,Falcated Duck

Features:The male is dark chestnut on top, the head and neck are copper-green, and the female is dark brown on top and nape.

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Anas penelope

Anas penelope

Anas penelope,Eurasian Wigeon,European Wigeon,Wigeon,Crane duck, Red duck, Red necked duck, goose duck, sacrificial duck

Features:The male bird has a brown-red head and neck, while the female bird has a dark brown head and nape.

Red-necked ducks are medium-sized ducks, smaller than domestic ducks and about the same size as ribbed ducks. They often move in groups and mix with other ducks except during breeding periods. Good at swimming and diving. Happy often put the tail up, head bent to the chest. The flight is fast and po...

Anas americana

Anas americana

Grape-breasted duck,American Wigeon,Anas americana

Features:The male is easily distinguishable by his broad green eyeliner across the pale head, and the female and young are superficially similar to the red-necked duck.

Green brow duck is a river duck, also known as grape breast duck. Medium sized, much like the red-necked duck but slightly larger. The environment is often the same as that of the red-necked duck. In winter, it is found in lake areas, wetlands, freshwater rivers, lakes and coastal agricultural areas...

Nettapus coromandelianus

Nettapus coromandelianus

Cotton duck, white duck, eight duck, cotton duck,Nettapus coromandelianus,Cotton Pygmy-goose

Features:Cotton lapwing elected Chengdu Bird of the Year 2021.

There are two subspecies of Cotton Pygomy-goose.They often live in pairs or in small groups of a few to more than 20 individuals. Sex is more docile. Good swimmer, also good diver, but generally rarely diving. They usually spend most of their time in the water, not going ashore, but sometimes climbi...

Aix galericulata

Aix galericulata

Aix galericulata,Mandarin Duck,Mandarin,Chinese official duck, Uren Hachin, official duck, Pee-bird, Dunmubird

Features:Yuan refers to the male bird, duck refers to the female bird, so the mandarin duck is a compound word, is regarded as a symbol of love

Mandarin Duck, no subspecies.Mandarin ducks migrate to their breeding grounds in the northeast at the end of March and the beginning of April, and leave their breeding grounds in late September and early October. When migrating in groups, often in small groups of 7-8 or more than 10 birds, sometimes...

Branta leucopsis

Branta leucopsis

Branta leucopsis,Barnacle Goose

Features:Similar to barnacle geese, but with a white forehead and entire cheek

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Branta hutchinsii

Branta hutchinsii

Branta hutchinsii,Cackling Goose,Small Canada goose, short bill Brant

Features:It is very similar to the Canadian bracken, with a shorter beak and much shorter neck.

The Lesser American Brant is a North American black goose of the genus Brant of the family Anatidae that breeds in northern and central Canada and Alaska. During migration and during wintering, young brants exhibit social behavior. At this time, individuals and families will mix with the Canadian ba...

nser caerulescens

nser caerulescens

Snow goose, white goose,Anser caerulescens,Snow Goose,Chen caerulescens

Features:The same shape and color of two sex, pure white body feathers, loyal to love, only one partner for life.

Snow geese are large, individual birds of the genus Amens. They live in groups ranging from a few to thousands of individuals. When flying into an orderly queue, there are a zigzag, herringbone, etc. In monogamy, both sexes participate in the rearing of chicks.During the breeding season, snow geese...

Anser anser

Anser anser

Wild goose, sand goose, gray waist goose, red bill goose, sand goose, yellow bill gray goose,Anser anser,Greylag Goose

Features:The body is large and obese, with a long neck.

Gray geese move in groups, usually consisting of tens, hundreds, or even thousands, except during breeding, especially during migration. He is flexible in walking on the ground, agile in action, and often stands on one foot when resting. Swimming and diving are good, but can not last long, rarely di...

Anser serrirostris

Anser serrirostris

Anser serrirostris,Tundra Bean Goose,Wild geese, wheat geese

Features:Similar to the bean goose, it has a shorter beak

The short-billed bean goose is a species of anseriidae bird that breeds in northern Siberia. The species is considered different from the bean geese by the American Ornithological Society and the International Association of Ornithologists, but the British Ornithological Society considers the two as...

Anser fabalis

Anser fabalis

Wild goose, wheat goose,Anser fabalis,Bean goose

Features:Size and shape like a domestic goose.

Wild goose is a large goose, love to cluster, except the breeding period, often move in groups. Especially the migration season, often integrated tens, hundreds, or even thousands of large groups, led by an experienced head goose, the formation is constantly changing, sometimes into a "people...

Cygnus cygnus

Cygnus cygnus

Cough swan, trumpet swan, yellow-billed swan,Cygnus cygnus,Whooper Swan

Features:It has always been regarded as a symbol of purity, loyalty and nobility

There is no subspecies of Whooper Swan.The four kinds of white whooper swans distributed in the northern hemisphere have long been recognized by people. Due to their white feathers, beautiful body, appealing cry and loyal behavior, the white whooper swan is regarded as a symbol of purity, loyalty an...

Cygnus columbianus

Cygnus columbianus

Short-billed swans, whistling swans, tundra swans,Cygnus columbianus,Tundra Swan

Features:The neck and beak are slightly shorter than that of a whooper swan, and the body is only slightly smaller

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Cygnus olor

Cygnus olor

Tumble-nosed swan, mute swan, red-billed swan, Tumble-nosed swan, bright swan, blue Swan,Cygnus olor,Mute Swan

Features:It is the largest flying bird in the anseriidae family

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Branta ruficollis

Branta ruficollis

Branta ruficollis,Red-breasted Goose

Features:It is a typical cold water Marine bird, tolerant of cold

Red-breasted Goose (no subspecies) is a small wild goose.Brats like to form groups, but do not mix with other geese and ducks, but live alone in large groups, sometimes up to hundreds of individuals. They had a lively disposition, and when they lived with each other, they were always noisy, extremel...

Anser erythropus

Anser erythropus

Wild goose,Anser erythropus,Lesser White-fronted Goose

Features:It resembles a white-fronted goose, but has a darker body and shorter feet and mouth

Lesser White-fronted Goose, no subspecies.Small white-fronted geese leave their breeding grounds and migrate to their wintering grounds from early to mid to late September every year, and usually arrive in Northeast China from early to mid to late October. Some arrived in China as early as the end o...

Anser cygnoides

Anser cygnoides

Original goose, with goose, strange goose, black-billed goose, sand goose, grass goose,Anser cygnoides,Swan Goose

Features:It is a large, individual bird of the genus Amaneus

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Dendrocygna javanica

Dendrocygna javanica

Tree duck, Ny duck, Screaming duck,Dendrocygna javanica,Lesser Whistling-duck,Lesser Whistling Duck

Features:Weak in flight, strong in diving

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