Reasons why mules are infertile

Mules are usually hybrids resulting from the cross between a donkey and a horse. The main reasons why mules are unable to have offspring are as follows:

1. Genetic factors: Mules have donkey and horse chromosomes that do not exactly match, causing the normal function of the reproductive system to be affected. This makes it difficult for mules to reproduce.

2. Gamete mismatch: Due to the genomic differences between donkeys and horses, mule gametes (sperm and eggs) are often mismatched, preventing normal fertilization and embryonic development.

3. Malformation or abnormal development: Due to genetic factors and chromosomal mismatch, mules may have some malformations or abnormalities during embryonic development, which further affects reproductive capacity.

Although mules themselves are sterile, they have advantages in other areas such as physical strength, endurance, and adaptability. In addition, mules are often used for labor, such as carrying goods or as travel tools, because of their gentle temperament and high stamina.

It should be noted that mule fertility also varies between breeds and individuals. Although most mules are sterile, a very small number of individuals may display some reproductive ability.

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