The Dinosaur Bichir (Polypterus spp.), also known as the Senegal Bichir, Reedfish, or Dragonfish, is one of the most ancient fish species still in existence. Often referred to as a "living fossil," this prehistoric-looking fish belongs to the Polypteridae family within the order Polypteriformes. Characterized by its elongated body, multiple dorsal finlets, and unique respiratory system, the Dinosaur Bichir has fascinated aquarists and scientists alike.
In this guide, we will explore everything about Dinosaur Bichirs, from classification, physical traits, habitat, and behavior to breeding, feeding, and tank setup. If you're looking for a complete Dinosaur Bichir care guide, this is the ultimate resource.
| Category | Details |
|---|---|
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Class | Actinopterygii |
| Order | Polypteriformes |
| Family | Polypteridae |
| Genus | Polypterus |
| Common Names | Dinosaur Bichir, Senegal Bichir, Dragon Bichir, Reedfish |
| Scientific Name | Polypterus spp. |
Dinosaur Bichirs possess several unique physical traits that distinguish them from other fish:
Size: Typically ranges between 30-60 cm (12-24 inches), depending on the species.
Weight: Usually around 1-3 kg, depending on diet and environment.
Lifespan: Up to 20 years in captivity with proper care.
Body Shape: Long, eel-like body with thick ganoid scales, providing protection from predators.
Dorsal Fins: A distinctive feature, consisting of separate finlets, each with a sharp spine.
Respiration: Possesses a modified swim bladder, enabling it to breathe atmospheric oxygen.
Coloration: Varies by species but generally gray, olive-green, yellow, or brown with patterns for camouflage.
Vision: Limited eyesight; primarily relies on smell and lateral line sensors to detect movement and prey.
Dinosaur Bichirs are native to Africa, primarily inhabiting slow-moving freshwater bodies such as:
Rivers (e.g., Nile River, Congo River)
Swamps & Floodplains
Lakes & Ponds
Marshes & Wetlands
They are highly adaptable and can survive in low-oxygen environments by breathing air. Their distribution covers regions such as Senegal, Nigeria, Chad, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Mostly Nocturnal: More active during the night, using smell to locate food.
Solitary Predators: Prefer living alone but can tolerate other large fish.
Bottom-Dwellers: Spend most of their time near the substrate, scavenging for food.
Air Breathers: Frequently swim to the surface to gulp air, especially in poorly oxygenated water.
Dinosaur Bichirs (Polypterus spp.) are carnivorous, opportunistic predators with strong nocturnal feeding instincts. Their diet consists mainly of live prey, frozen foods, and protein-rich alternatives. Understanding their natural feeding habits and dietary requirements is crucial for keeping them healthy and thriving in captivity.
In their native African freshwater habitats, Dinosaur Bichirs are bottom-dwelling ambush predators. Their diet includes:
Small Fish – Juvenile fish, slow-moving species
Insects & Larvae – Aquatic insects, beetles, mosquito larvae
Crustaceans – Shrimp, crabs, small crayfish
Worms – Earthworms, bloodworms, blackworms
Amphibians – Small frogs, tadpoles
Carrion – Scavenging on dead fish or decaying organic matter
They rely on their keen sense of smell rather than eyesight to locate food, often foraging in murky waters at night.
A balanced, protein-rich diet is essential for growth, health, and longevity. Here’s a feeding chart for different food types:
| Food Type | Examples | Recommended Frequency | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Live Foods | Guppies, ghost shrimp, earthworms, mealworms | 2-3 times per week | Stimulates natural hunting behavior |
| Frozen Foods | Bloodworms, brine shrimp, mysis shrimp, silversides | 4-5 times per week | High in nutrients; prevent food boredom |
| Pellets & Sinking Carnivore Sticks | Hikari Carnivore Pellets, Massivore Delite, Arowana Sticks | Daily | Ensures balanced nutrition |
| Meaty Foods | Chopped tilapia, shrimp, squid | 2-3 times per week | Avoid fatty meats like beef or chicken |
| Gel Foods | Repashy “Grub Pie,” DIY seafood mixes | Occasional | Enhances variety in diet |
| Feeder Fish (Occasional) | Guppies, mollies, goldfish (quarantined) | Rarely (1-2 times per month) | Risk of parasites; must be quarantined |
⚠ Avoid feeding:
❌ Goldfish & Rosy Red Minnows – High in thiaminase, which can cause vitamin B1 deficiency
❌ Processed Human Food – Spices, fats, and preservatives are harmful
❌ Overfeeding – Leads to obesity, fatty liver disease
Swallowing Whole: Bichirs lack true teeth but have powerful jaws for gripping and swallowing prey whole.
Nocturnal Feeders: More active during the evening, so feeding at dusk or night is ideal.
Slow Eaters: Unlike aggressive predators, Bichirs take their time chewing and swallowing.
Hunting Instincts: Live foods trigger their ambush-style hunting, making them more engaged.
Juveniles (Under 1 Year) – 2-3 small meals per day for rapid growth
Sub-Adults (1-2 Years) – 1-2 meals per day
Adults (2+ Years) – Once per day or every other day
Pro Tip: Bichirs can go several days without eating, but consistency is key to maintaining optimal health!
✅ Boost Growth: High-protein foods like silversides, worms, and shrimp
✅ Enhance Coloration: Foods rich in astaxanthin (krill, shrimp)
✅ Increase Longevity: A balanced diet of pellets, fresh meat, and occasional live food
✅ Stimulate Hunting: Release live ghost shrimp or worms for natural predatory behavior
By feeding a nutrient-rich, varied diet, your prehistoric predator will remain healthy, active, and vibrant for years to come!
| Tank Requirement | Recommended Value |
|---|---|
| Minimum Tank Size | 100 gallons for large species |
| Water Temperature | 22-28°C (72-82°F) |
| pH Level | 6.5-7.5 |
| Hardness | 3-12 dGH |
| Substrate | Fine sand or gravel |
| Filtration | High-quality canister filter |
| Lighting | Dim lighting (low to medium) |
| Tank Mates | Large, peaceful fish (see table below) |
Important: Ensure the tank has a tight lid since Bichirs are skilled jumpers!
Dinosaur Bichirs can coexist with certain species but may eat smaller fish. The following table provides compatibility recommendations:
| Fish Species | Compatibility | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Arowana | ✅ Compatible | Ensure Bichir is large enough to avoid being eaten. |
| Oscar Cichlid | ✅ Compatible | May show aggression, but both species are hardy. |
| Clown Knife Fish | ✅ Compatible | Requires large space. |
| Plecos (Large) | ✅ Compatible | Helps with tank cleaning. |
| Tiger Datnoid | ✅ Compatible | Similar size and aggression level. |
| Angelfish | ❌ Not Recommended | Too small and may be eaten. |
| Guppies/Neon Tetras | ❌ Not Recommended | Will become food. |
Breeding Dinosaur Bichirs in captivity is challenging due to their complex mating behavior.
Breeding Season: Typically between July and September.
Egg-Laying Behavior: Eggs are scattered in dense vegetation or substrate.
Parental Care: Bichirs exhibit egg guarding behavior but may eat their own offspring if not separated.
Juvenile Care: Fry require small live foods like brine shrimp and need warm water (26-28°C).
| Conservation Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| IUCN Status | Not Evaluated (varies by species) |
| Population Trend | Stable but decreasing in some regions |
| Main Threats | Habitat loss, overfishing, pollution, aquarium trade |
| Predators | Large fish, birds, crocodiles |
Captive breeding programs are being encouraged to reduce wild capture.
Some regions impose fishing regulations to protect local populations.
Public awareness campaigns promote sustainable aquarium trade practices.
Aquarium Trade: Bichirs are highly valued in the fishkeeping community.
Traditional Medicine: Used in some cultures for medicinal properties.
Scientific Research: Studied for evolutionary insights into fish-lung development.
There are over 13 recognized species of Dinosaur Bichirs (Polypterus spp.), each with unique characteristics. The table below provides an in-depth comparison of major Bichir species, including scientific name, maximum size, natural habitat, and unique features.
| Species Name | Scientific Name | Maximum Size | Natural Habitat | Coloration & Features | Difficulty Level | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senegal Bichir (Gray Bichir) | Polypterus senegalus |  | 30-40 cm (12-16 in) | West & Central Africa (Niger, Nile, Lake Chad) | Pale gray, sometimes yellowish; most common species in aquariums | Easy |
| Ornate Bichir | Polypterus ornatipinnis |  | 60 cm (24 in) | Congo River Basin | Black body with intricate yellow markings; one of the most beautiful Bichirs | Moderate |
| Delhezi Bichir (Armored Bichir) | Polypterus delhezi |  | 45 cm (18 in) | Congo River | Gray-green body with yellow banding; robust and hardy | Moderate |
| Endlicheri Bichir (Saddled Bichir) | Polypterus endlicheri |  | 75 cm (30 in) | West & Central Africa | Broad, flattened head; golden to brown body with dark saddle markings | Advanced |
| Lapradei Bichir | Polypterus bichir lapradei |  | 70 cm (28 in) | Nile, Chad, Senegal, Congo | Elongated body; light coloration with subtle vertical bands | Moderate |
| Weeksii Bichir | Polypterus weeksii |  | 50 cm (20 in) | Congo Basin | Thick-bodied with white and dark speckled patterns | Moderate |
| Mokele-Mbembe Bichir | Polypterus mokelembembe |  | 45 cm (18 in) | Congo River | Rare species; dark olive-green body with black patterns | Advanced |
| Teugelsi Bichir | Polypterus teugelsi |  | 45 cm (18 in) | Cameroon River Systems | Yellowish-green with dark vertical stripes; relatively rare in trade | Advanced |
| Palmas Bichir (Shortfin Bichir) | Polypterus palmas |  | 35 cm (14 in) | West Africa (Ivory Coast, Ghana) | Slender body with golden-brown coloration and faint markings | Easy |
| Retropinnis Bichir | Polypterus retropinnis |  | 40 cm (16 in) | West Africa | Greenish-gray with dark blotches; prefers heavily vegetated environments | Moderate |
| Congicus Bichir (Giant Bichir) | Polypterus congicus |  | 90 cm (35 in) | Congo River Basin | Largest species; golden-brown body with dark saddle markings | Advanced |
| Ansorgii Bichir | Polypterus ansorgii |  | 60 cm (24 in) | Western Africa | Darker body with bold, irregular bands; very rare in trade | Advanced |
| Buettikoferi Bichir | Polypterus buettikoferi |  | 50 cm (20 in) | Guinea, Sierra Leone | Yellowish-green body with mottled black spots | Advanced |
Most Common Species in Aquariums: Polypterus senegalus, Polypterus delhezi, Polypterus ornatipinnis
Largest Species: Polypterus congicus (up to 90 cm / 35 in)
Most Beautiful Patterns: Polypterus ornatipinnis (Ornate Bichir)
Rare & Expensive Species: Polypterus ansorgii, Polypterus teugelsi, Polypterus mokelembembe
Best for Beginners: Polypterus senegalus, Polypterus palmas
Dinosaur Bichirs are ancient, fascinating, and low-maintenance aquarium fish, making them ideal for advanced aquarists. With proper tank conditions and compatible tank mates, they can thrive for decades, providing a unique prehistoric feel to your home aquarium.
If you're interested in owning a Dinosaur Bichir, ensure you provide a spacious tank, a carnivorous diet, and a secure environment.
animal tags： Polypteridae
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