Papio anubis

The size and fur of East African baboons are highly sexually dimorphic. Males weigh about 25 kg and females about 14 kg, with average size varying with geographic distribution. Males have an average head-body length of 760 mm and a tail length of 560 mm; females are smaller, with an average head-body length of 600 mm and a tail length of 480. Males have larger canine teeth, while females have much smaller teeth. The coat is characterized by a dark olive-grey color, with the overall color of the hair alternating from yellow, brown to black. Males have a large mane, mainly distributed on the front of the body, with longer hair on the neck and shoulders, grading into shorter body hair backwards, which is also stronger. Females have no mane.
Both sexes have rough, calloused skin on the cheeks, which is dark grey to black and hairless. The snout is elongated like a dog, and the exposed area of ​​the buttocks is much smaller than in other baboons. The nostrils are forward-facing and the t

Distributed in Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Uganda.
Mainly inhabits tropical savanna, grassland, open woodland, gravel mountain and other areas.

The East African baboon (scientific name: Papio anubis) is also known as the Olive Baboon because its appearance looks similar to olive color. Its other name, Anubis Baboon, comes from the Egyptian god Anubis. Its head looks like a true portrayal of Anubis from the side.

East African baboons are diurnal animals that live in groups. Each group usually has 30-60 individuals. The group consists of multiple males and multiple females, and any male has the possibility of mating with any female. This leads to fierce competition between males, and males often fight for mating rights. Baboons in East Africa use fighting to determine each other's hierarchy, and only high-ranking male baboons can mate with female baboons in estrus. These social animals have other factors that affect the success of male mating. For example, males may subvert the normal dominance hierarchy and form alliances. Two males join forces as an alliance, and these males may be able to get fixed mating with females and succeed. Such alliances are mutual, and usually older males achieve their goals through mutual communication of rights and interests in very familiar groups.

Baboons in East Africa generally move on the ground during the day, are good at climbing rocks, and have the ability to climb trees. They are social animals that like to live in groups, sometimes forming large groups of hundreds of individuals, each of which is composed of several families. If there is sufficient food source, the large group will automatically break up and form some stable small groups. Each family is led by the strongest, most sturdy, and most beautiful male animal in the group. The size and sharpness of the male animal's canine teeth are important criteria for whether it can serve as a leader. Other members of the family include several underage male animals of lower status, several female animals, and cubs. The position of the leader is hard-won and not lifelong. Once a smarter and stronger male animal appears in the group, it will challenge the position of the leader. After a fight, the winner can continue to serve as the leader.

In the baboon group, the social hierarchy is very strict, which is caused by the survival competition of the law of the jungle in nature. In order to avoid unnecessary fratricide and fighting within the group, unite to resist the enemy and ensure the smooth growth and development of the offspring, the members of the group naturally form a hierarchical psychology with their own characteristics. The status of each individual in the group is determined by its ability, charm, size, strength, gender, age and other factors. The members of the community usually live in harmony and share the joys and sorrows of life, but the division of labor is also very clear. The leader has the highest status in the group, and the entire community must obey its command. It can give orders to members of the group, give priority to food, occupy female animals in estrus at will, and even mediate and adjudicate disputes between members. As long as it roars, other members will immediately bow their heads and obey; other members must show obedience when passing by the leader, and violators will be severely punished; when resting and eating, the leader must sit in the middle, etc. Female animals that have just given birth and their cubs also have a higher status in the group, and they are specially cared for and protected in terms of movement and feeding. Even when playing, female animals with cubs will not be attacked by other members. When the group moves, the leader usually leads the way, followed by females and young males, females with cubs in the middle, and other stronger males at the end. Each group occupies a large territory and travels around the territory. They usually go out along a fixed route every day to move around, forage for food and drink water, and return to a fixed forest to roost at night.

East African baboons are wild and often fight in groups. If they encounter an intruder in their territory, the leader will often take the lead and rush to the front, followed by other members. They are like fierce and tenacious soldiers, roaring loudly, throwing stones at the intruder, or biting with sharp canine teeth.

Baboons are omnivorous animals, but they mainly feed on plants. They like to eat leaves, fruits, rhizomes, barks, tree sap of various plants, as well as many insects and larvae such as locusts, termites, ants, etc. Other animal foods such as scorpions, reptiles, bird eggs, etc. can also satisfy their hunger. They even prey on birds, hares and antelopes. They mainly eat various parts of plants, with convenience and sufficient supply as the main considerations. They also eat crops such as bread, monkey feed, bananas, carrots, sweet potatoes, corn, guava, tomatoes, etc.

Female Baboons generally have a pre-mating period of 15-20 days before the estrus period, during which they can mate with multiple males. This multiple mating has no practical significance, but only to ensure fertilization and confuse offspring, which can help reduce the male's "infanticide" tendency. Females will eventually choose a sexual partner, maintain the relationship and conceive. Females have an estrus cycle of up to 31-35 days, and the menstrual volume increases significantly in the first three days of each cycle. During ovulation, the perineal skin will swell and aliphatic acids will be produced, reminding males that they can mate. The gestation period lasts about 180 days, and females give birth to one baby, weighing about 1068 grams. The newborn has black fur and can be easily distinguished from other babies. The baby is completely dependent on the mother for the first few months until it starts to eat solid food and can walk on its own. Generally, the baby is weaned 420 days after birth. The female will work very hard during the lactation period, which usually results in a lot of weight loss in the female. Lower-ranking or young females may take longer to regain sufficient weight.

East African baboons are numerous and widely distributed in Africa. Because they eat crops, local farmers hate East African baboons and often shoot them. Their natural enemies are carnivorous animals such as lions and cheetahs that live in Africa.

Listed in the 2008 Red List of Endangered Species of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) ver 3.1 - Least Concern (LC).

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