Home>>All Animals>>Invertebrates

Invertebrates: different types, definitions, photos, and more

Invertebrates are the most diverse and widespread group of animals on Earth, accounting for the vast majority of species in the animal kingdom. Invertebrates do not have a backbone, and their body structures vary greatly from simple to complex, adapting to a variety of ecological environments.

  • Scientific name: Invertebrata (not a strict scientific classification, only describing animals with invertebrate characteristics)

  • Main characteristics:

    1. Spineless: lack of backbone

    2. Various sizes: From microscopic microorganisms to giant squids, the size range is huge.

    3. Diversity: There are many species, including insects, mollusks, annelids, etc.

    4. Diverse reproduction methods: Includes asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.

    5. Dominance: Plays an important role in terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystems.

  • Ecological role:

    • Decomposer: Promotes nutrient cycling.

    • Food chain base: Provides food for many vertebrates.

    • Pollinator: Insect pollination maintains plant ecosystems.

  • Evolutionary history:

    • Originated from the Cambrian explosion (about 540 million years ago).

    • They are the earliest group of animals to evolve and form the cornerstone of modern ecosystems.


Invertebrate classification table

Invertebrates are divided into several phyla. The following are the main invertebrate phyla and their representative categories.

Classification levelPhylumClassGenusExamples
PhylumPoriferaCalcareaSpongiaLime sponge, glass sponge
CnidariaScyphozoaAureliaJellyfish, anemone


AnthozoaCoralliumRed coral, staghorn coral
PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthesTurbellariaPlanariaTurbellaria


TrematodaSchistosomaSchistosoma


CestodaTaeniaPork tapeworm
NematodaSecernenteaCaenorhabditisNematodesRoundworms
AnnelidaAnnelidaPolychaetaNereisNereis


HirudineaHirudoLeech, leech


OligochaetaLumbricusEarthworm
MolluscaMolluscaGastropod (Gastropoda)HelixSnails, snails


BivalviaMytilusMussels, clams


CephalopodaSepiaSquid, octopus
ArthropodaArthropodaInsectaFormicaAnts, butterflies


ArachnidaAraneusSpiders, scorpions


CrustaceaCancerCrabs, shrimps
EchinodermataEchinodermata (Echinodermata)AsteroideaAsteriasStarfish


EchinoideaEchinusSea urchin

Main characteristics and adaptations of invertebrates

1. Body structure

  • Spineless: lack of vertebrae, body structure ranges from simple to complex.

  • Diversity: diverse morphology, ranging from single cells to complex multicellular structures.

2. Respiration and circulation

  • Gas exchange: gas exchange through the body surface or gills.

  • Circulatory system: from none to closed circulatory system (such as annelids)

3. Reproduction method

  • Asexual reproduction: through division or budding (such as sponges).

  • Sexual reproduction: through fertilized eggs.

4. Environmental adaptation

  • Found in the ocean, fresh water and land, it is an important component of the ecosystem.


Evolutionary History of Invertebrates

  1. Cambrian Explosion:

    • Invertebrates originated in the Cambrian period (about 540 million years ago) and diversified rapidly during the Cambrian Explosion.

    • Fossils representing early invertebrates include trilobites and brachiopods.

  2. Ocean Domination:

    • During the Paleozoic Era, invertebrates dominated the oceans, including corals and echinoderms.

  3. Land Invasion:

    • Arthropods (such as insects and arachnids) were the first invertebrates to adapt to life on land.


Ecological roles of invertebrates

  1. Decomposers:

    • Annelids (such as earthworms) decompose organic matter and improve soil.

  2. Food chain base:

    • Insects and plankton are food sources for many vertebrates.

  3. Pollination and seed dispersal:

    • Insects such as bees are important agents of plant pollination.


Invertebrates in the world

1. Marine invertebrates

  • Representative species: Coral (Corallium), Starfish (Asterias), Anemone (Aurelia).

  • Distribution: Mainly distributed in tropical and temperate waters.

2. Terrestrial invertebrates

  • Representative species: Ants (Formica), snails (Helix).

  • Distribution: Adapted to various terrestrial ecological environments.

3. Freshwater invertebrates

  • Representative species: Leech (Hirudo), mussel (Mytilus).

  • Distribution: Distributed in lakes, rivers and wetlands.


Conservation status of invertebrates

  1. Environmental pollution:

    • Chemical pollution and plastic waste seriously affect marine invertebrates.

  2. Climate change:

    • Rising temperatures and ocean acidification pose a threat to coral reefs and marine life.

  3. Overfishing:

    • Commercial fishing puts pressure on invertebrate populations such as shrimp and crabs.

  4. Protection measures:

    • Establish marine protected areas.

    • Study the contribution of invertebrates to the ecosystem.

Invertebrates refer to lower animal groups that do not have backbones. They are the primitive form of animals. Their species account for 95% of the total number of animal species. Distributed all over the world, there are about 1 million species in existence. Including protozoa, echinoderms, mollusks, flatworms, annelids, coelenterates, arthropods, nematodes, etc.

Protozoa Echinodermata Mollusca Flatworm Annelida Coelenterata Arthropoda Nematomorpha Brachiopoda Hemichordata
Heliogomphus retroflexus

Heliogomphus retroflexus

Sharp-edged dragonfly, curved-tailed spring dragonfly,Heliogomphus retroflexus

Features:It is an important natural enemy insect that is beneficial to humans and an indicator insect of water quality and environment.

Heliogomphus retroflexus (scientific name: Heliogomphus retroflexus) is an insect of the family Heliogomphidae and the genus Heliogomphus, with no subspecies. This species was first published by Swiss entomologist Friedrich Rees in 1912.Heliogomphus retroflexus is usually active in the daytime near...

Atlatsjapyx atlas

Atlatsjapyx atlas

Atlatsjapyx atlas

Features:The adult is long and thick, lacking eyes and wings, with a yellow, trapezoidal head that is narrow in front and wide in the back.

The Atlatsjapyx atlas is a large insect of the order Diplodocus. It feeds on humus, fungi and tiny animals.Listed in the second level of China's "National Key Protected Wildlife List".Protect wild animals and stop eating game.Maintaining ecological balance is everyone's responsibil...

Paguroidea

Paguroidea

Paguroidea,hermit crabs,Hermit shrimp, white house, dry house

Features:Hermit crabs often eat shells and other mollusks and take the shells for themselves, which is the origin of the name of hermit crabs.

Hermit crab is a general term for the superfamily Hermit crabs and the superfamily Hermit crabs of the order Decapoda. Common hermit crabs can be divided into three categories: the family of living hermit crabs, the family of hermit crabs and the family of terrestrial hermit crabs. There are more th...

Macrobranchium nipponense

Macrobranchium nipponense

Macrobranchium nipponense,Macrobrachium nipponense

Features:

River shrimps are widely distributed in rivers, lakes, reservoirs and ponds in my country. They are high-quality freshwater shrimps. They have tender meat, delicious taste and rich nutrition. They are high-protein and low-fat aquatic foods and are quite popular among consumers.Nutritional value of r...

Procambarus clarkii

Procambarus clarkii

Procambarus clarkii,Red Swamp Crayfish或Louisiana crayfish,Cambarus clarkii,Red crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, freshwater crayfish, red swamp crayfish

Features:Male lobsters have a bright red membrane on the front outer edge, which is very conspicuous. Females do not have this red membrane, so this has become an important feature to distinguish between males and females.

Crayfish is a freshwater economic shrimp that usually carries lung flukes and is widely popular because of its delicious meat. It has an absolute competitive advantage in the local ecological environment due to its omnivorous nature, fast growth rate, and strong adaptability. Its food range includes...

Palinuridae;lobster

Palinuridae;lobster

Palinuridae;lobster, prawns, dragon head prawns, shrimps, sea prawns

Features:The body size is the largest among shrimps, and the heaviest can reach more than 5 kilograms, and is called a tiger lobster.

Lobster (scientific name: Palinuridae) is the general name for species in the family Hominididae, class Arthropoda, order Decapoda, class Arthropoda. The Homaridae family includes 11 genera: Panulirus, Jasus, Justitia, Linuparus, Nupalirus, Palinurellus, Palinurus, Palinustus, Projasus, Puerulus, Sa...

Zhenghaixing

Zhenghaixing

Tumor starfish

Features:Has extraordinary regenerative capabilities

Tumor starfish generally refers to starfish with a gentle temperament. Mainly lives in shallow tidal areas of the Indian Ocean about 2 meters deep. Distributed in the warm waters of the Pacific, Indian Ocean and Red Sea. Tumor starfish are carnivores, feeding primarily on molluscs, crustacean...

Maja japonica

Maja japonica

Japanese spider crab, giant crab, giant spider crab, Gan's giant crab, Gan's giant crab, tall crab

Features:The world's largest crustacean looks a lot like a giant venomous spider

The Japanese spider crab is the largest crab in the world, and also the largest crustacean and arthropod in the world. It is a strange creature living in the southeastern coastal waters of Japan, and is also the prototype of the so-called "killer crab" in domestic rumors. This largest know...

Enteroctopus dofleini

Enteroctopus dofleini

Giant North Pacific Octopus

Features:They have a short lifespan, but are very fertile, and can lay up to 100,000 eggs.

As a representative of invertebrates, the octopus has a soft body and a hard mouth. The Pacific giant octopus is the largest one among them. The largest North Pacific giant octopus discovered so far weighs 554 kilograms and has a wingspan of 9.8 meters. It is considered the largest octopus in the wo...

Tumor starfish

Tumor starfish

Zhenghaixing

Features:Not every starfish is called "Patrick's Star."

Tumor starfish have extraordinary regenerative abilities. If a predator attacks them and they lose their arms, they can regrow the missing parts. They usually have 5 arms, but have been found with 4 or 6 arms, which may occur because more than one arm was damaged at the same time....

Aurelia aurita

Aurelia aurita

Moon jellyfish, UFO jellyfish, Moon jellyfish

Features:Transparent jellyfish

Moon jellyfish feed on plankton such as mollusks, crustaceans, worms and copepods.Moon jellyfish occasionally eat gelatinous zooplankton such as hydromedusae and comb jellies.Moon jellyfish also use their stinging cells to capture plankton.Moon jellyfish live and reproduce for a few months before dy...

Membracidae

Membracidae

thorn bugs,Treehoppers,Tree lice, stinging lice, stinging insects

Features:Excretes honeydew to form a symbiotic relationship with ants

Membracidae are members of the family Membracidae, in the order Homoptera, class Insecta, and are often called "tree lice" or There are more than 3,000 known species of lice worldwide. Cicada. They are known for their unique appearance and rich species diversity, especially the unique shap...

Birgus latro

Birgus latro

Coconut Crab,Gossip crab, robber crab

Features:Huge size, powerful claws, and a master tree climber

Coconut crab (scientific name: Birgus latro, foreign name Coconut Crab), also known as gossip crab and robber crab, belongs to the land hermit crab family. It is a decapod arthropod. It is the largest terrestrial arthropod in the world and the largest terrestrial crustacean in existenc...

Persian cat

Persian cat

Persian cat, Chinchilla, Bose Mouse, Persian, Felis catus, Persian, Chinchilla, Himalayan, long-haired cat

Features:Appearance features: Persian cats are known for their long, soft fur, round faces, and big eyes. They have a round and wide head, plump cheeks, small, pointed ears, short noses, and large, round eyes, which are usually yellow, but the color varies depending on the fur color. Persian cats have short and thick limbs, large paws, short tails, and fluffy fur, giving them an overall elegant and luxurious look. ‌
‌Personality features: Persian cats are very gentle, like quietness, are friendly to people, and are easy to get along with. They usually don't lose their temper easily and like to learn new things and skills. Persian cats are also very smart, have strong learning abilities, and can quickly master various skills. In addition, Persian cats are loyal and affectionate to their owners and like to interact with people, but are not very adaptable to overly noisy places. ‌

Persian cat (scientific name: Persian cat, English name Persian Cat, Persian longhair) is also known as Persian, Chinchilla or Himalayan. It is one of the oldest cat breeds, and one of the most well-known Persian cats is Chinchilla. It has a lifespan of 14-15 years and weighs 3.5-7 kg.Origin of the...

Coccinellidae

Coccinellidae

Coccinella septempunctata,ladybirds,ladybug,Fatty, matchmaker, sister Hua, Tiandao worm, golden turtle, pearl turtle, Dr. Mai, stinky turtle

Features:Ladybugs are small insects belonging to the family Coccinellidae in the order Coleoptera. They have a hemispherical body, usually the size of a soybean, and hard wings with a metallic luster. Ladybugs are brightly colored, often with red, black or yellow spots, and the number and arrangement of these spots are important features that distinguish different species of ladybugs. For example, the seven-spotted ladybug has seven black spots on its elytra, while the twenty-eight-spotted ladybug has more spots. Ladybugs are widely distributed, almost all over the world. They often appear in fields, gardens, and trees, and sometimes crawl on flower stems or live under leaves.
Ladybugs can be divided into two categories based on their feeding habits: herbivorous and carnivorous. They mainly feed on pests that harm crops, such as aphids and scale insects, so they are regarded as important beneficial insects in agriculture, helping to control the number of pests and protect crops. Ladybugs can

Ladybugs (scientific name: Coccinellidae, binomial name: Coccinella septempunctata), the "lady" in the English name ladybirds (also known as ladybug) is generally considered to be an allusion to the Virgin Mary in the Catholic faith. It is a common name for beetles with round protrusions....

spider

spider

Webworms, flat spiders, garden spiders, octopuses, crickets, silkworms

Features:Body structure: The spider's body is divided into the cephalothorax and abdomen, and the two parts are connected by a slender abdominal stalk. There is a pair of chelicerae in front of the head, and the end of the chelicerae is a venomous fang with a venom gland duct. The number of eyes of spiders varies, including single eye, eight eyes, six eyes or four eyes. ‌
‌Leg characteristics‌: Spiders have four pairs of legs on both sides of the thorax, and hard claws grow on the toes for walking and climbing.
‌Life habits‌: The lifestyle of spiders can be divided into nomadic and settled types. Nomadic spiders hunt and prey everywhere, have no fixed place to live, and do not make webs. Settled spiders make webs, dig holes or build nests as fixed residences. ‌
‌Diet‌: Spiders have a mixed diet, mainly feeding on insects such as flies. They have strong predation ability and are natural enemies of many agricultural and forestry pests. ‌
‌Reproduction and life span‌: Spiders can

Spiders (scientific name Araneida; Araneae, foreign name Spider) are also known as webworms, flat spiders, garden spiders, eight-legged spiders, Xizi, and Bosi. It is an arthropod of the chelicerae subphylum. It has two body segments. The body of the eight-legged spider is divided into the cephaloth...

Jellyfish

Jellyfish

Medusozoa

Features:The jellyfish is a very beautiful aquatic animal. Its body shape is like a transparent umbrella, and the diameter of the umbrella-shaped body varies. The main component of the jellyfish body is water. It uses the reflection of the water spray in its body to move forward. From a distance, it looks like a round umbrella floating rapidly in the water.

Jellyfish are important plankton in aquatic environments, including the Scyphozoa, Cross-Jellyfish, and Cubozoa in the Cnidaria. They can be found in tropical waters, temperate waters, shallow waters, oceans about 100 meters deep, and even freshwater areas. Jellyfish have existed as early as 650 mil...

Paederus fuscipes

Paederus fuscipes

Features:The most well-known feature of this insect is a powerful toxin secreted by it, namely "pederin", which is highly irritating to human skin.

Paederus fuscipes is a small insect of the family Staphylinidae, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. They are slender, usually with a smooth black or dark brown shell, and are named after their abdomen hidden under their wings. The most well-known feature of this insect is a powe...

Huangdao long-snouted beetle

Huangdao long-snouted beetle

Huangdao acornworm, hookworm, Saccoglossus hwangtauensis

Hemichordata Level 2

Features:Endemic to China.

Saccoglossus hwangtauensis (scientific name: Saccoglossus hwangtauensis) is an enterobranchial species distributed in the intertidal and subtidal zones of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China. It belongs to the genus Saccoglossus of the family Ancylostidae.The Huangdao longnose b...

Qingdao Oakhead Worm

Qingdao Oakhead Worm

Glandiceps qingdaoensis,Qingdao rough kissing insect

Hemichordata Level 2

Features:The island oakworm is the first wingless species of the Aconidae family discovered in Chinese waters.

Glandiceps qingdaoensis (scientific name: Glandiceps qingdaoensis), also known as Glandiceps qingdaoensis, is an enterobranchial species distributed in the subtidal zone of the central and western Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China. Acrocephalidae) Acornworm genus. The Qingdao acor...

yellow-winged acornworm

yellow-winged acornworm

Ptychodera flava

Hemichordata Level 2

Features:Enterobranchians

Ptychodera flava (scientific name: Ptychodera flava) is an enterobranchial animal widely distributed in coastal areas of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, belonging to the genus Ptychodera in the family Ptychodera. [1] This species was discovered by naturalist Johann Friedrich von Eschsholz while parti...