Plants

Bryophytes: including mosses, bryophytes and liverworts, are the earliest plant groups to evolve to land. They do not have true root, stem and leaf structures, and the gametophyte is dominant in their life cycle.

Pteridophytes: including ferns, lycophytes and striga, have vascular tissues that can transport water and nutrients more effectively on land, and the sporophyte is dominant in their life cycle.

Gymnosperms: including conifers, ginkgos and cycads, have seeds but are not enclosed in fruits, and usually spread pollen through wind.

Angiosperms: flowering plants, the most diverse plant group today, have angiosperms and fruits, spread pollen and seeds through animal media, are highly adaptable, and are widely distributed in various environments around the world.