Home>>All Animals>>Birds>>Bird of prey

Birds of prey

In the traditional or morphological sense, "birds of prey" usually refers to birds that catch or tear prey with sharp claws and beaks, such as eagles, falcons, kites, vultures, owls, etc. However, from the perspective of modern phylogenetics, these birds of prey are scattered in different orders and are not a monophyletic group. Birds of prey are one of the six major ecological groups of birds, covering all species of Falconiformes and Strigiformes in the traditional classification system of birds. Birds of prey include secondary ecological groups such as eagles, eagles, buzzards, kites, vultures, kites, ospreys, falcons, owls, and owls, all of which are predatory birds. In the ecosystem, the number of raptors is less than that of other groups, but they are at the top of the food chain and play a very important role. Another nickname is "fighter".

I. Introduction to Raptors

1. General Characteristics

  • Predatory Adaptations: Raptors typically have strong, hooked beaks and sharp talons for seizing and tearing prey.

  • Acute Vision: Most raptors possess exceptionally keen eyesight, allowing them to spot potential prey from great distances or high altitudes.

  • Flight Abilities: Many exhibit wide or pointed wings for soaring or high-speed dives; others have shorter, broad wings and long tails for agile flight in forested areas.

  • Top Predators: As apex or near-apex predators, they help control populations of small to medium-sized vertebrates (rodents, reptiles, amphibians, other birds, etc.) in their ecosystems.

2. Classification and the Non-monophyletic Issue

  • Traditional Grouping: “Birds of prey” often include “diurnal raptors” (eagles, hawks, falcons, vultures, etc.) and “nocturnal raptors” (owls).

  • Modern Systematics: Molecular data reveal that raptors are scattered across different lineages:

    • Many hawks, eagles, Old World vultures, etc. are grouped into Accipitriformes.

    • Falcons belong to Falconiformes, which is surprisingly closer to parrots (Psittaciformes) and songbirds (Passeriformes) than to hawks or eagles.

    • Owls form their own order, Strigiformes, separate from hawks and falcons.

3. Evolution and Global Spread

  • Raptors, as descendants of early Cenozoic birds, diversified especially in the Eocene and Oligocene epochs.

  • They are found worldwide in virtually every habitat—tropical rainforests, deserts, polar regions, alpine zones—each adapted to local ecological niches.

4. Ecological Role and Human Interactions

  • As apex predators or scavengers, raptors have a major influence on regulating populations of other animals.

  • Human cultures often admire and utilize raptors (e.g., falconry, ecotourism). However, conflicts arise with livestock farming, and threats such as habitat loss and poisoning have caused declines in some raptor populations.


II. Major Groups and Classification of Raptors

Traditionally, raptors are divided into:

  • Diurnal Raptors: Historically included in Falconiformes (falcons, hawks, eagles, vultures, etc.), but modern taxonomy splits them into separate orders such as Falconiformes and Accipitriformes.

  • Nocturnal Raptors: Owls (order Strigiformes).

Below is a simplified breakdown referencing modern classifications.

(A) Diurnal Raptors

1. Order Falconiformes

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesDistribution & Notes
Falconidae (Falcons, Caracaras)Falco, Caracara, etc.Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), Crested Caracara (Caracara plancus)Once grouped with hawks/eagles but now recognized as a separate lineage, surprisingly closer to parrots/songbirds. Falcons specialize in high-speed dives or agile flight; caracaras often forage on the ground or scavenge.

Note: Modern phylogenetics places Falconidae (the only extant family in Falconiformes) closer to parrots and passerines than to hawks and eagles.

2. Order Accipitriformes

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesDistribution & Notes
Accipitridae (Hawks, Eagles, Old World Vultures, Kites, Harriers)Accipiter (Goshawks, Sparrowhawks), Buteo (Buzzards/Hawks), Aquila (True Eagles), Haliaeetus (Sea Eagles), etc.Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), Rough-legged Buzzard (Buteo lagopus), Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), etc.The largest family of diurnal raptors worldwide. Includes a wide range of sizes and feeding habits, from small hawks to large eagles and Old World vultures.
Cathartidae (New World Vultures)Cathartes (Turkey Vultures), Coragyps (Black Vulture), Gymnogyps (California Condor), etc.Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura), Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus), California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus)Native to the Americas. They have unfeathered heads to reduce contamination while feeding on carrion. Taxonomic placement varies; commonly aligned with Accipitriformes but sometimes treated as a distinct lineage.
Pandionidae (Osprey)* sometimes within AccipitridaePandion (Osprey)Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)A fish specialist found near freshwater and coastal areas worldwide. Feet are adapted to gripping slippery fish.
Sagittariidae (Secretarybird)* sometimes within AccipitridaeSagittarius (Secretarybird)Secretarybird (Sagittarius serpentarius)Endemic to Africa. Long-legged terrestrial raptor that hunts snakes on foot; distinctive crest on its head.

Note: The exact placement of New World vultures (Cathartidae) is still debated. Some studies suggest they might be nearer to storks/herons, but most modern classifications group them with Accipitriformes.

3. Other Diurnal Raptor Notes

  • Old World Vultures (e.g., Griffon Vultures, Egyptian Vulture) are part of Accipitridae, unlike the New World vultures in Cathartidae.

  • The osprey family (Pandionidae) is often recognized as a separate family within Accipitriformes, though historically sometimes lumped into hawks (Accipitridae).

(B) Nocturnal Raptors (Order Strigiformes)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesDistribution & Notes
Tytonidae (Barn Owls)Tyto (Barn Owl genus)Barn Owl (Tyto alba)Heart-shaped facial disk, widely distributed worldwide. Asymmetric ear openings help pinpoint prey by sound.
Strigidae (Typical Owls)Bubo (Eagle Owls), Strix (Wood Owls), Athene (Little Owls), Asio (Eared Owls), etc.Eurasian Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo), Long-eared Owl (Asio otus), Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus), etc.Nocturnal raptors with large forward-facing eyes and silent flight. Found in diverse habitats across the globe (except Antarctica).

Note: Owls share many predatory traits (talons, hooked beaks, specialized senses) but belong to a separate order (Strigiformes), distantly related to hawks/falcons.


III. Evolutionary Highlights

  1. Convergent Traits and Diversification

    • Multiple bird lineages independently evolved raptor-like features: strong talons, hooked beaks, and enhanced vision or hearing.

    • Genetic data confirm falcons (Falconidae) are more closely allied with parrots and passerines, while hawks and eagles (Accipitridae) form a different branch. Owls, although also “raptorial,” belong to yet another branch.

  2. Geographic Adaptation

    • Forest dwellers (e.g., Accipiter hawks, small falcons).

    • Open-country or desert species (e.g., buzzards, caracaras).

    • Mountain regions (Golden Eagle).

    • Polar regions (Snowy Owl).

    • Raptors occupy diverse habitats:

    • Different selective pressures have yielded wide variation in body size, wing shape, and hunting styles.

  3. Fossil Record

    • Raptors have been widespread since at least the Miocene, with some ancient raptor-like families appearing in the Oligocene. Fossil discoveries hint at once-abundant giant eagles or vultures in various regions.


IV. Summary

  1. Multiple Origins and Ecological Significance

    • “Raptors” do not represent a single evolutionary branch but rather an ecological group across different orders (Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, Strigiformes).

    • They generally serve as apex predators or scavengers, crucial for regulating populations of prey and cleaning carrion.

  2. Conservation Status and Challenges

    • Many raptor populations have declined due to habitat loss, pesticides (e.g., the famous DDT impact), poaching, and conflicts with farmers.

    • Conservation programs (e.g., reintroducing the California Condor, protecting Bald Eagles) have successfully bolstered some species, though others remain at risk.

  3. Cultural Importance

    • Raptors often symbolize power, freedom, or bravery—appearing in flags, crests, and mythologies around the world.

    • Falconry (the art of hunting with trained birds of prey) has been practiced for centuries and is recognized as an Intangible Cultural Heritage in some regions.


Summary Table

OrderFamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesKey Distribution & Traits
FalconiformesFalconidae (Falcons)Falco, Caracara, etc.Peregrine Falcon, Common Kestrel, Crested CaracaraHigh-speed or agile hunters; some (caracaras) scavenge. Closer genetically to parrots and songbirds than hawks.
AccipitriformesAccipitridae (Hawks/Eagles/Kites/Old World Vultures)Accipiter, Buteo, Aquila, HaliaeetusGoshawks, Buzzards, Eagles, Old World VulturesMost diverse raptor family globally, includes a wide size and dietary range.

Cathartidae (New World Vultures)Cathartes, Coragyps, GymnogypsTurkey Vulture, Black Vulture, California CondorAmericas only; specialized in scavenging carrion. Taxonomic position debated, often placed in Accipitriformes.

Pandionidae (Osprey)PandionOspreyWorldwide distribution near water; unique fish-hunting adaptations.

Sagittariidae (Secretarybird)SagittariusSecretarybirdAfrican grassland raptor hunting snakes on foot; distinctive crest.
StrigiformesStrigidae (Typical Owls)Bubo, Strix, Athene, Asio, etc.Eagle Owls, Wood Owls, Scops Owls, etc.Nocturnal raptors with powerful talons and silent flight, found globally.

Tytonidae (Barn Owls)TytoBarn Owl (Tyto alba)Heart-shaped facial disc, widespread distribution, specialized hearing for locating prey.

Through the above introduction and classification list, you can have a deeper understanding of the diverse distribution and evolution of raptors in the modern bird system, and understand their important position in the ecosystem and human culture. If you need to learn more about the morphological characteristics and conservation status of each species, you can refer to professional ornithological works, conservation agency reports, and the latest molecular systematic research results. I hope this information can provide you with a detailed classification of raptors.

Waterfowl Wading birds Climbing birds Landfowl Bird of prey Songbird
Sarcogyps calvus

Sarcogyps calvus

Sarcogyps calvus,Red-headed Vulture,,Indian Black Vulture

Features:Red head, neck and legs and white ruff are the distinguishing features

The black vulture, also known as the Red-headed Vulture, is a large bird of prey with no subspecies.The black vulture is bold and aggressive, often acting alone or in pairs. It usually does not fly in the early morning, but stands still on branches or rock peaks, quietly waiting for the sun to heat...

Gyps himalayensis

Gyps himalayensis

Gyps himalayensis,Himalayan Vulture,Yellow vulture

Features:It can fly over Mount Everest and is one of the highest flying birds in the world.

The Himalayan Vulture is a large bird of prey with no subspecies.The Himalayan Vulture is a resident bird. It often soars at an altitude of 6,000 meters, spends a long time in the air searching for animal carcasses or debris, and then lands to tear them apart after finding them. It is one of the hig...

Gyps bengalensis

Gyps bengalensis

Gyps bengalensis,White-rumped Vulture,White-rumped vulture, white-rumped vulture

Features:Its claws are not sharp, so it cannot catch prey alive, and its head and neck are completely exposed.

White-rumped vulture is a medium-sized vulture, which is only found in Asia and has no subspecies.White-rumped vulture is a gregarious animal that feeds on the ground or on rocky slopes, often in small groups. It is active during the day and rests in trees at night. The flight speed is generally 50...

Gyps indicus

Gyps indicus

Gyps indicus,Long-billed vulture, Indian vulture, long-billed vulture, painted vulture,Indian Vulture, Indian Griffon, Long-billed Griffon, Long-billed Vulture, Painted Vulture

Features:Nature's Cleaner

The Indian Vulture is the smallest species in the genus Vulture and has no subspecies.The Indian Vulture is a scavenger. Its main food is the carcasses of dead animals. It patrols over tropical savannas or human settlements in search of food. When it finds food, it moves out in groups. Most members...

Aviceda leuphotes

Aviceda leuphotes

Black Baza,Aviceda leuphotes

Features:The top of the head has a long, vertical blue-black crest

The Black-crowned Bazaar is a small to medium-sized bird of prey with four subspecies.The Black-crowned Bazaar often moves alone, sometimes in small groups of 3-5 or so. It often soars and hovers over the forest, occasionally flapping its wings and flying. It is very leisurely, and sometimes it move...

Aviceda jerdoni

Aviceda jerdoni

Aviceda jerdoni,Jerdon's Baza,Crested Eagle

Features:The top of the head has a long black crest consisting of 2-3 feathers, often standing vertically on the head with white tips.

Jerdon's Baza, also known as the Brown-crowned Cuckoo Falcon, is a medium-sized bird of prey with five subspecies.The Brown-crowned Cuckoo Falcon is a resident bird and does not migrate. Usually active alone, mainly during the day, especially in the morning and dusk, with a low call, soaring in...

Pernis ptilorhynchus

Pernis ptilorhynchus

Pernis ptilorhynchus,Oriental Honey-buzzard,Octagonal eagle, eagle-headed eagle, honey eagle, oriental honey eagle

Features:The sides of the head have short, hard, scaly feathers that are thick and dense.

Oriental Honey-buzzard is a medium-sized bird of prey with 6 subspecies.Some of the Crested Honey-buzzards are resident birds, while others are migratory birds, but both are relatively rare. Except for Hainan Island, all the birds distributed in China are summer migrants. They migrate here in spring...

Neophron percnopterus

Neophron percnopterus

Neophron percnopterus,Egyptian vulture,Egyptian vulture, Pharaoh's chicken, Egyptian vulture, scavenger vulture

Features:Eating feces to attract the attention of the opposite sex has cultural significance in many places

The Egyptian vulture is very large and has three subspecies.The white vulture is a gregarious bird. It often rises with the heat when flying. They eat a variety of foods, including mammal feces (especially human), insects, corpses, plants and small prey. Studies have shown that eating mammal feces h...

Gypaetus barbatus

Gypaetus barbatus

Gypaetus barbatus,Bearded Vulture,Bearded vulture, bearded vulture, bearded vulture, bearded vulture

Features:It is named after the black "beard" hanging under its mouth.

Bearded Vulture, also known as Bearded Vulture, has three subspecies.Bearded Vultures often move alone or in pairs, and rarely mix with other birds of prey. They often fly and soar slowly over the top of a mountain or hillside, with their heads hanging down and turning left and right from time to ti...

Elanus caeruleus

Elanus caeruleus

Elanus caeruleus,Black-winged Kite,Ash owl

Features:Blue-grey upper body, white lower body, yellow feet, black beak

Black-winged Kite is a small bird of prey with 5 subspecies.In most areas, black-winged kites are resident birds and do not migrate. In China, they are resident birds in Yunnan Province and summer migratory birds in Zhejiang, Guangxi, and Hebei. They arrive at their breeding grounds in April and May...

Clanga clanga

Clanga clanga

Wu Diao, Hua Diao, Tas, Wu Xiao Ni, Xiao Hua Zao Diao

Features:It lives in open wilderness areas during migration and is one of the most likely birds of prey to be spotted along the migration routes in eastern Asia.

The black eagle is a national first-class protected animal. Its body is dark brown, with a slight purple luster on its back. Its chin, throat and chest are dark brown, and the rest of its lower body is slightly lighter. The breeding season of the black eagle is from May to July. It nests on pine tre...

Aquila verreauxii

Aquila verreauxii

Black carving, flower carving, small flower soap carving

Features:The plumage is glossy black, with white rump and lower back.

The black eagle is a species of the genus Accipitridae. It often inhabits woodlands near grasslands and wetlands, and often hunts in flight or on the ground, preying on animals such as hyraxes, guinea fowls, monkeys, and hares. It builds nests on alpine rocks or trees, using branches and bark to bui...

Ictinaetus malayensis

Ictinaetus malayensis

Forest carving, tree carving, tree eagle

Features:It has excellent flying skills but is not good at singing.

The forest eagle is a medium-sized bird of prey and a Class II protected animal in China. It has superb flying skills and its large body can easily fly through the gaps between densely foliaged trees, which is amazing. It often hovers in the air, and sometimes its wave-like aerobatics can be seen, w...

Haliaeetus albicilla

Haliaeetus albicilla

White-tailed sea eagle, white-tailed eagle, yellow-billed eagle, sesame eagle

Features:The bark is loud, like that of a puppy or a black woodpecker.

The white-tailed sea eagle lives at an altitude of 2500-5300 meters. They often live alone or in pairs near rivers, estuaries, reservoirs, lakes, coasts, and islands. In winter, this species often forms a small group of several individuals to act in unison, hovering in the sky or standing still on t...

Accipiter virgatus

Accipiter virgatus

sparrowhawk, pine hawk, chest-wagging, sparrow thief, sparrowhawk

Features:Alert, timid and fearful

Sparrowhawks are secretive, alert, timid and difficult to observe. Once in the air, they become aggressive and aggressive, and like to provoke and drive away other birds and raptors. During the breeding season, many birds can be seen flying together. Their calls are quite iconic, a series of sharp c...

Accipiter badius

Accipiter badius

Brown-eared goshawk, Brown-eared sparrowhawk

Features:Sharp vision

The brown-eared hawk is much smaller than the goshawk. It often hovers in the open areas outside the forest area and on the plains, and sometimes gently flaps its wings. It has sharp vision. Once it finds prey in the forest or on the ground in the air, it will pounce at the speed of an arrow, grab t...

Accipiter trivirgatus

Accipiter trivirgatus

Crested Goshawk

Features:It likes to soar in the sky for a long time, and its wings often press down and shake when flying, which can be regarded as its iconic flying feature.

The Crested Owl is a medium-sized bird of prey. It is a resident bird. It is good at hiding and alert. It often hides in the leaves, and sometimes perches on isolated branches in the open. It is a sunrise bird. It mostly acts alone, flies slowly and not very high. Sometimes it uses the rising therma...

Accipiter soloensis

Accipiter soloensis

Red-bellied Hawk, Goose Hawk, Red-nosed Hawk, Pigeon Hawk

Features:The IUCN estimates that there are 400,000 to 1 million red-bellied eagles in the world, of which 270,000 to 670,000 are adults.

The red-bellied hawk is a small bird of prey with long, pointed wings. It is also called the pigeon hawk because it looks like a pigeon. It often moves alone or in small groups, and often rests on the tops of trees or telephone poles when resting. It mainly feeds on animal food such as frogs and liz...

Accipiter nisus

Accipiter nisus

Sparrowhawk, Yellow Hawk, Harrier Hawk

Features:Hawks are the best mouse catchers

The sparrowhawk is a common forest hawk and an expert in preying on small birds. The sparrowhawk flies quickly and at extremely high speeds, reaching hundreds of kilometers per hour. It flies powerfully and nimbly, and can fly skillfully between trees. It usually flaps its wings quickly for a while...

Microhierax caerulescens

Microhierax caerulescens

Red-legged Falcon

Features:Almost as big as a sparrow, it is one of the smallest birds of prey in the world

The red-legged falcon is a resident bird that likes to move in pairs. It is timid and has a thin and high-pitched call. It mainly feeds on small birds, frogs, lizards and insects. It often flaps its wings quickly to fly among the trees, occasionally gliding, or quietly perching on the tops of dead t...

Microhierax melanoleucos

Microhierax melanoleucos

White-legged falcon, falcon, panda bird

Features:It is about the same size as a sparrow, but can hunt prey several times larger than itself. It is known as the smallest bird of prey in the world.

The white-legged falcon is a resident bird, usually nesting in the abandoned holes of woodpeckers. It perches on the branches of tall trees to patrol prey. When waiting for prey, it often quietly perches on the tip of a protruding branch to wait for ground targets such as amphibians, reptiles, and i...