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Wading birds

Wading birds are one of the six major ecological groups of birds, including Gruiformes, Ciconiiformes, Phoenicopterus and Charadriiformes. They refer to birds that are adapted to living by the water (all wetland water birds), and belong to one of the six major ecological groups of birds. When resting, they often stand on one foot, and most of them get food from the bottom of the water, mud or the ground. They include cranes, storks, ibis, bustards, spoonbills, etc.

I. Overview of Wading Birds

1. Definition and Characteristics

  • Shallow-Water Activity: Wading birds typically inhabit shallow water, mudflats, wetlands, or marshes, using relatively long legs to walk and forage in shallow areas.

  • Morphological Adaptations: They often have elongated legs, necks, and bills, enabling them to hunt or feed on fish, crustaceans, mollusks, insects, or vegetation in shallow water or wetland habitats.

  • Wide Distribution: Wading birds appear worldwide, found in lakes, estuaries, tidal flats, and even salt lakes. Many species undertake long-distance migrations, occurring on multiple continents.

  • Breeding and Behavior: Most nest in shoreline areas, marshes, or mudflats; some breed in colonies. Certain species have unique courtship displays, calls, or gregarious habits.

2. Diversity and Ecological Role

  • Many well-known groups such as storks, herons, cranes, plovers, sandpipers, and flamingos can be considered waders (or at least show wader-like habits).

  • They fulfill vital roles in wetland and coastal ecosystems (e.g., controlling invertebrate populations, dispersing seeds, and forming important links in the food web).


II. Evolutionary History of Wading Birds

  1. Broader Avian Context

    • Birds originated from theropod dinosaurs and had diversified substantially by the Late Cretaceous. Over geological time, various lineages adapted to shallow water or wetland environments.

    • Long legs, long bills, specialized feeding/breeding behaviors, and other wader-like traits evolved multiple times independently (convergent evolution).

  2. Dispersed Across Multiple Orders

    • Storks (Family Ciconiidae) are typically placed in Ciconiiformes.

    • Herons and ibises (Ardeidae, Threskiornithidae) are now often placed in Pelecaniformes alongside pelicans, rather than with storks.

    • Cranes (Gruidae) belong to Gruiformes, not closely related to storks/herons, yet they occupy similar wetland niches.

    • Some members of Charadriiformes (plovers, sandpipers, avocets) are also classic waders.

    • Flamingos (Phoenicopteridae) constitute Phoenicopteriformes, recognized as a distinct lineage yet often called waders because of their shallow-water feeding style.

    • Traditional classifications grouped storks, herons, cranes, etc., under orders like “Ciconiiformes” or “Pelecaniformes.” Flamingos were sometimes placed in a separate order.

    • With advances in molecular data, many of these families have been reclassified. For example:

  3. Relationship with Wetlands and Humans

    • Wetlands are crucial for wader breeding and foraging. Human activities such as draining wetlands, pollution, or overharvesting resources pose serious threats to these birds.

    • Many wading species are migratory, requiring international cooperation for their conservation (e.g., partnerships in the East Asian–Australasian Flyway).


III. Major Wader Groups and Classification

Below is a summary of key orders and families commonly labeled as “waders,” with prominent genera and example species. Note that some families once grouped together have been rearranged according to modern molecular studies. Nonetheless, their similar ecology and morphology justify listing them here for reference.

(1) Pelecaniformes – Wading Families

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Ardeidae (Herons, Egrets, Bitterns)Ardea (Herons), Egretta (Egrets), Nycticorax (Night Herons), etc.Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Great Egret (Egretta alba), Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), etc.Long legs and necks, typically hunt fish/amphibians in shallow water; may form nesting colonies (“heronries”).
Threskiornithidae (Ibises, Spoonbills)Threskiornis (Ibises), Plegadis (Glossy Ibises), Platalea (Spoonbills)Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus), Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor), etc.Often have curved or spatulate bills for probing in shallow waters. Many nest colonially in wetland habitats.

Note: Historically, herons and ibises were sometimes placed in “Ciconiiformes.” Modern molecular data commonly group them in Pelecaniformes.


(2) Ciconiiformes – The Storks

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Ciconiidae (Storks)Ciconia (Storks), Mycteria (Wood Storks), Leptoptilos (Marabou Storks), etc.White Stork (Ciconia ciconia), Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala), Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus), etc.Large-bodied waders with strong bills, foraging in wetlands/grasslands; nest on treetops or cliffs.

Note: Some classifications once placed storks, herons, and ibises all under one order. In current systems, storks (Ciconiidae) are often recognized as a distinct order (Ciconiiformes), with herons and ibises now under Pelecaniformes.


(3) Phoenicopteriformes – Flamingos

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Phoenicopteridae (Flamingos)Phoenicopterus (e.g., Greater Flamingo)American Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber), Chilean Flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis), etc.Long legs and necks; specialized bent bills for filter-feeding on algae and invertebrates in saline lagoons.

(4) Gruiformes – Select Wading Families

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Gruidae (Cranes)Grus (Cranes), Anthropoides, etc.Red-crowned Crane (Grus japonensis), Common Crane (Grus grus), etc.Large waders with long legs/necks, living in wetlands/grasslands; many are migratory and some are endangered.
Rallidae (Rails, Coots)*semi-aquaticGallinula (Moorhens), Fulica (Coots), Rallus (Rails), etc.Eurasian Coot (Fulica atra), White-breasted Waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus), etc.Generally small to medium-sized wetlands birds, adept at moving through dense vegetation, sometimes called “marsh birds.”

(5) Charadriiformes – Shorebirds and Allies

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Charadriidae (Plovers)Charadrius (Plovers), Pluvialis (Golden Plovers), etc.Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus), Grey Plover (Pluvialis squatarola), etc.Small to medium-sized waders with short bills, often feeding on invertebrates in mudflats/shallow water. Highly migratory.
Scolopacidae (Sandpipers, Snipes, Phalaropes)Tringa (Shanks), Calidris (Stints), Gallinago (Snipes), etc.Common Redshank (Tringa totanus), Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres), Semipalmated Sandpiper (Calidris pusilla), etc.A diverse family of long-billed, long-legged waders frequenting coasts, wetlands, and river edges.
Recurvirostridae (Avocets, Stilts)Recurvirostra (Avocets), Himantopus (Stilts)Pied Avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta), Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus)Notable for very long legs and upward-curved or straight slender bills; often seen in shallow salt ponds.
Phalaropodidae (Phalaropes)* sometimes merged in ScolopacidaePhalaropus (Phalaropes)Red-necked Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus), etc.Unique small waders that often spin on the water’s surface to stir up food; found in high latitudes and coastal areas.

Note: Phalaropes are sometimes treated as a subfamily within sandpipers (Scolopacidae) or as a separate family.


IV. Summary

  1. Multiple Origins and Convergence

    • “Waders” do not represent a single evolutionary lineage; rather, many avian orders independently adapted to shallow-water habitats, converging on features such as long legs/neck/bill.

    • This demonstrates how different lineages fill similar ecological niches in wetland habitats around the globe.

  2. Ecological Importance and Conservation

    • Many waders help regulate invertebrate populations, recycle nutrients, and disperse seeds in aquatic environments.

    • Wetland loss, drainage, pollution, and climate change pose significant threats. Because many waders undertake long migrations, international cooperation is critical for conservation.

  3. Dynamic Taxonomy and Birdwatching Significance

    • Advances in molecular phylogenetics frequently revise the classification of these families and orders. New data clarify true evolutionary relationships among “wading birds.”

    • For birders and educators, recognizing key family traits and habitat requirements aids in appreciating wetland ecology and promoting the protection of these water-associated species.


This summary offers a preliminary classification framework and evolutionary background for the ecological grouping we call “wading birds.” For further details on specific families, genera, or species, consult specialized ornithological guides, scientific publications, or regional bird-monitoring data.

Waterfowl Wading birds Climbing birds Landfowl Bird of prey Songbird
Synthliboramphus wumizusume

Synthliboramphus wumizusume

Synthliboramphus wumizusume,Japanese Murrelet, Crested Murrelet,Mérgulo japonés,Crested auklet

Features:The cry sounded like a shrill whistle

The Japanese Murrelet is a small seabird with characteristics typical of small puffins, without subspecies.The crested flat-billed puffin is a rare stray bird and winter migratory bird in China. Often in small groups. Frequent surface swimming and diving. When in danger, they dive and flee. The sink...

Chlidonias niger

Chlidonias niger

Chlidonias niger

Features:The mouth is long and pointed black, and the feet are reddish-brown

The Black Tern has two subspecies. The call is a short, nasal scream called kyeh, and the liaison is called klit.The black-floating gulls fly lightly and nimbly, with slightly fanned wings, sometimes skimming over the surface of the water, pecking at it with their downward beak. Sometimes soaring ab...

Thalasseus bernsteini

Thalasseus bernsteini

Thalasseus bernsteini,Chinese Crested Tern,Sterna bernsteini,Crested tern with black bill

Features:It is the rarest of the gull species and one of the most endangered bird species in the world, with a global population of about 100

The Chinese Crested Tern is a medium-sized waterbird with no subspecies.The Chinese crested tern is a summer migrant in northeastern China and a winter migrant in southern China. Every year from April to September, these mysterious seabirds arrive at the Eel Beach wetland at the mouth of the Minjian...

Sterna bergiii

Sterna bergiii

Thalasseus bergii,Great Crested Tern

Features:Crested, black on top of head and crown feathers in summer, white on top of head and gray on crown feathers in winter

The Great Crested Tern has six subspecies.Large crested terns are resident birds and often travel in flocks. They frequently fly over the sea, with their mouths pointing straight down, their wings stirring slowly, and sometimes soaring in the air, where they can search for and find underwater fish....

Larus saundersi

Larus saundersi

Larus saundersi,Saunders's Gull,Chinese Black-headed Gull,Samson's gull. Wandering gull

Features:Xia Yu has a black head, white star-moon spots above and below the eyes, and is extremely conspicuous on the black head

Black-billed gull Saunders' s Gull, medium water bird, no subspecies.It is said that during the late Tang Dynasty, the famous poet Li Shangyin kept five kinds of rare birds in his garden, one of which was a black-billed gull with a black head and beak and a prominent white semicircle behind its...

Small Pratincole

Small Pratincole

Glareola lactea,Small Pratincole,

Features:The mouth is large and black, with a small red spot at the base, and the feet are blackish-brown or gray-black

Small Pratincole is a small waterside bird with no subspecies.The plover often moves in groups, is agile and fast in flight, and is most active at dusk, hunting with swifts and bats. Until dark, still running on the ground for food. The food is mainly insects, and sometimes small crustaceans and mol...

Limicola falcinellus

Limicola falcinellus

Limicola falcinellus,Broad-billed Sandpiper

Features:The wing Angle often has a distinct black patch with double brow lines

The Broad-billed Sandpiper has two subspecies.The broad-billed snipe is mainly a traveller bird in China, and some are winter migrants. Autumn moves through China in September-October and spring in April-May.The snipe is found alone, in pairs, or in small groups. The non-breeding period also sometim...

Eurynorhynchus pygmeus

Eurynorhynchus pygmeus

Eurynorhynchus pygmeus,Broad-billed Sandpiper,Spoon-billed snipe. Spoon-billed snipe

Features:The mouth is black, the base of the mouth is flat, and the tip is expanded in a spade shape

Spoon-billed Sandpiper is a small wading bird with no subspecies.The snipe is found alone near water in shallow waters and in loose mud. When walking, the head is always lowered, and the mouth is constantly stretched into the water or mud, and the mouth is swept around and back in the water or mud w...

Calidris tenuirostris

Calidris tenuirostris

Calidris tenuirostris,Great Knot

Features:It is the largest of the sandpiper

The Great Knot is a small wading bird with no subspecies.The giant Sandpiper feeds mainly on crustaceans, mollusks, insects, and insect larvae. Foraging often insert the mouth into the mud to find food, but also often along the water side of the shallow water or the water side of the sand and mud to...

Arenaria interpres

Arenaria interpres

Arenaria interpres,Ruddy Turnstone, Turnstone,Red turncock, brown turncock

Features:It got its name from its tendency to turn over rocks to catch small animals hidden within them

The foreign name Ruddy Turnstone, no subspecies.The turnstone snipe is a traveller and winter migrant in China. Spring migrates in April-May and autumn migrates in September-October. Migrations often integrate large, loosely organized groups. Often alone or in small groups. Large groups are also oft...

Tringa guttifer

Tringa guttifer

Tringa guttifer,Spotted Greenshank,Nordmann's GreenshankNordstrom's Snipe

Features:The mouth is thick, slightly upturned, and the feet are short, yellow, green, or yellowish brown

Spotted Greenshank is a small wading bird with no subspecies.The little greenshank is a rare traveler in China. Spring is more than March-April, and autumn passes through China during migration from September to October. It is often found alone at the water's edge, on sand or mud, and foraging....

Numenius madagascariensis

Numenius madagascariensis

Numenius madagascariensis,Far Eastern Curlew,Redback Snipe, Redback Snipe, 黦 Snipe, Hausen

Features:The mouth is very long and curved; Darker and brownish than the white curlew

The foreign name is Far Eastern Curlew, and there are no subspecies.Curlews are mainly travellers in China. Some breed in northeast China as summer migratory birds, while some overwinter in Taiwan as winter migratory birds. Spring reaches the northeast breeding ground in early to mid-April, and autu...

Numenius minutus

Numenius minutus

Numenius minutus,Little Curlew,Little old oil can

Features:It is the smallest curlew

Little Curlew is a small wading bird with no subspecies.The curlew usually moves mostly alone or in small groups, but it also joins other snipes in larger groups during migration and wintering. Whenever the tide goes back, they go to the tidal flats to feed, wading in the shallow silt, pecking at in...

Limnodromus semipalmatus

Limnodromus semipalmatus

Limnodromus semipalmatus,Asian Dowitcher, Asiatic Dowitcher,Limnodrome semipalmé

Features:It is stout and has a beak like a snipe. When breeding, the underbody is light red, the waist and back are white.

The semi-webbed snipe (ban p Giryu), also known as Asian Dowitcher, is a small wading bird.They live alone or in small groups. Sex is timid and alert. It feeds mainly on insects, insect larvae, worms and mollusks. Often in the lake, river banks, ponds and swamps and coastal tidal areas of sand and m...

Gallinago nemoricola

Gallinago nemoricola

Gallinago nemoricola,Wood Snipe

Features:Sex timid and withdrawn

Wood Snipe, small wading bird, no subspecies.It is timid and withdrawn, often living alone on the banks of forests and rivers and ponds, and in nearby swamps and grasslands. The flight is slow and bulky, suddenly flies up after fright, the direction of flight is uncertain, often flying in waves, usu...

Metopidius indicus

Metopidius indicus

Metopidius indicus,Bronze-winged Jacana

Features:The body is similar to that of a water pheasant, with a lead-gray red frontal armor on the forehead, black neck and lower body, with metallic glow

Bronze-winged Jacana is a small wading bird with no subspecies.Copper-winged pheasant is a resident bird, active during the day, mostly alone, and often integrated in small groups during non-breeding period. The action is light and flexible, the foot is higher when walking, the step is larger, and e...

Hydrophasianus chirurgus

Hydrophasianus chirurgus

Hydrophasianus chirurgus,Pheasant-tailed Jacana,Pheasant-tailed pheasant-tailed pheasant

Features:Commonly known as water phoenix, Ling wave fairy

Pheasant-tailed Jacana is a small to medium sized bird with no subspecies.Water pheasants prefer to live alone or in small groups, sometimes in large groups in winter. Sex lively, good walking, light step, can float on the water lily, lotus, water chestnut and other aquatic plants to run back and fo...

Vanellus gregarius

Vanellus gregarius

Vanellus gregarius,Sociable Lapwing, Sociable Plover,Vanneau sociable,Chettusia gregaria ssp. gregaria,lar and Andrew,Chettusia gregaria ssp. gregaria,amp and Simmons,Long legged lapis

Features:The rest of the face and upper neck are earthy yellow

The Sociable Lapwingm is a medium-sized wading bird.Yellow-cheeked laphens are migratory birds with great flying abilities. They inhabit grassland, cultivated land, desert and dry inland wetlands (such as desert oasis, salt lake, salt marsh, alkali beach, seasonal rivers, seasonal lakes, spring over...

Ibidorhyncha struthersii

Ibidorhyncha struthersii

Ibidorhyncha struthersii,Ibisbill

Features:The beak is long and curved downwards, bright red in the breeding season and dark red in other seasons. The feet are bright red in the breeding season and mostly grayish pink in other seasons.

Ibisbill is a gray, black and white sandpiper with no subspecies.Ibisbill is a resident and vertical migratory bird. They often move and forage on the gravel and sandy beaches on both sides of the river alone or in small groups of 3-5. Sometimes they wade into belly-deep water and put their heads an...

Esacus magnirostris

Esacus magnirostris

Esacus magnirostris,Great Thick-knee

Features:It has big eyes, a thick mouth, and brown or yellow-green feet.

Great Thick-knee is a medium-sized wading bird with no subspecies.Great Thick-knee is a coastal bird that usually moves alone or in pairs, occasionally in small groups. It is mainly active at night and dusk, hiding in undisturbed concealed places during the day, and rarely foraging during the day. I...

Grus antigone

Grus antigone

Grus antigone,Sarus Crane

Features:The head, throat and upper neck are bare and featherless, with rough, grainy skin and bright red in color.

Sarus Crane is a large wading bird with three subspecies.Sarus Crane often moves alone or in pairs or family groups. In autumn and winter, it sometimes gathers in large groups of dozens or even hundreds of individuals. It is timid and alert. They mainly feed on fish, frogs, shrimps, lizards, grains...