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Wading birds

Wading birds are one of the six major ecological groups of birds, including Gruiformes, Ciconiiformes, Phoenicopterus and Charadriiformes. They refer to birds that are adapted to living by the water (all wetland water birds), and belong to one of the six major ecological groups of birds. When resting, they often stand on one foot, and most of them get food from the bottom of the water, mud or the ground. They include cranes, storks, ibis, bustards, spoonbills, etc.

I. Overview of Wading Birds

1. Definition and Characteristics

  • Shallow-Water Activity: Wading birds typically inhabit shallow water, mudflats, wetlands, or marshes, using relatively long legs to walk and forage in shallow areas.

  • Morphological Adaptations: They often have elongated legs, necks, and bills, enabling them to hunt or feed on fish, crustaceans, mollusks, insects, or vegetation in shallow water or wetland habitats.

  • Wide Distribution: Wading birds appear worldwide, found in lakes, estuaries, tidal flats, and even salt lakes. Many species undertake long-distance migrations, occurring on multiple continents.

  • Breeding and Behavior: Most nest in shoreline areas, marshes, or mudflats; some breed in colonies. Certain species have unique courtship displays, calls, or gregarious habits.

2. Diversity and Ecological Role

  • Many well-known groups such as storks, herons, cranes, plovers, sandpipers, and flamingos can be considered waders (or at least show wader-like habits).

  • They fulfill vital roles in wetland and coastal ecosystems (e.g., controlling invertebrate populations, dispersing seeds, and forming important links in the food web).


II. Evolutionary History of Wading Birds

  1. Broader Avian Context

    • Birds originated from theropod dinosaurs and had diversified substantially by the Late Cretaceous. Over geological time, various lineages adapted to shallow water or wetland environments.

    • Long legs, long bills, specialized feeding/breeding behaviors, and other wader-like traits evolved multiple times independently (convergent evolution).

  2. Dispersed Across Multiple Orders

    • Storks (Family Ciconiidae) are typically placed in Ciconiiformes.

    • Herons and ibises (Ardeidae, Threskiornithidae) are now often placed in Pelecaniformes alongside pelicans, rather than with storks.

    • Cranes (Gruidae) belong to Gruiformes, not closely related to storks/herons, yet they occupy similar wetland niches.

    • Some members of Charadriiformes (plovers, sandpipers, avocets) are also classic waders.

    • Flamingos (Phoenicopteridae) constitute Phoenicopteriformes, recognized as a distinct lineage yet often called waders because of their shallow-water feeding style.

    • Traditional classifications grouped storks, herons, cranes, etc., under orders like “Ciconiiformes” or “Pelecaniformes.” Flamingos were sometimes placed in a separate order.

    • With advances in molecular data, many of these families have been reclassified. For example:

  3. Relationship with Wetlands and Humans

    • Wetlands are crucial for wader breeding and foraging. Human activities such as draining wetlands, pollution, or overharvesting resources pose serious threats to these birds.

    • Many wading species are migratory, requiring international cooperation for their conservation (e.g., partnerships in the East Asian–Australasian Flyway).


III. Major Wader Groups and Classification

Below is a summary of key orders and families commonly labeled as “waders,” with prominent genera and example species. Note that some families once grouped together have been rearranged according to modern molecular studies. Nonetheless, their similar ecology and morphology justify listing them here for reference.

(1) Pelecaniformes – Wading Families

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Ardeidae (Herons, Egrets, Bitterns)Ardea (Herons), Egretta (Egrets), Nycticorax (Night Herons), etc.Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Great Egret (Egretta alba), Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), etc.Long legs and necks, typically hunt fish/amphibians in shallow water; may form nesting colonies (“heronries”).
Threskiornithidae (Ibises, Spoonbills)Threskiornis (Ibises), Plegadis (Glossy Ibises), Platalea (Spoonbills)Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus), Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor), etc.Often have curved or spatulate bills for probing in shallow waters. Many nest colonially in wetland habitats.

Note: Historically, herons and ibises were sometimes placed in “Ciconiiformes.” Modern molecular data commonly group them in Pelecaniformes.


(2) Ciconiiformes – The Storks

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Ciconiidae (Storks)Ciconia (Storks), Mycteria (Wood Storks), Leptoptilos (Marabou Storks), etc.White Stork (Ciconia ciconia), Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala), Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus), etc.Large-bodied waders with strong bills, foraging in wetlands/grasslands; nest on treetops or cliffs.

Note: Some classifications once placed storks, herons, and ibises all under one order. In current systems, storks (Ciconiidae) are often recognized as a distinct order (Ciconiiformes), with herons and ibises now under Pelecaniformes.


(3) Phoenicopteriformes – Flamingos

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Phoenicopteridae (Flamingos)Phoenicopterus (e.g., Greater Flamingo)American Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber), Chilean Flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis), etc.Long legs and necks; specialized bent bills for filter-feeding on algae and invertebrates in saline lagoons.

(4) Gruiformes – Select Wading Families

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Gruidae (Cranes)Grus (Cranes), Anthropoides, etc.Red-crowned Crane (Grus japonensis), Common Crane (Grus grus), etc.Large waders with long legs/necks, living in wetlands/grasslands; many are migratory and some are endangered.
Rallidae (Rails, Coots)*semi-aquaticGallinula (Moorhens), Fulica (Coots), Rallus (Rails), etc.Eurasian Coot (Fulica atra), White-breasted Waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus), etc.Generally small to medium-sized wetlands birds, adept at moving through dense vegetation, sometimes called “marsh birds.”

(5) Charadriiformes – Shorebirds and Allies

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Charadriidae (Plovers)Charadrius (Plovers), Pluvialis (Golden Plovers), etc.Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus), Grey Plover (Pluvialis squatarola), etc.Small to medium-sized waders with short bills, often feeding on invertebrates in mudflats/shallow water. Highly migratory.
Scolopacidae (Sandpipers, Snipes, Phalaropes)Tringa (Shanks), Calidris (Stints), Gallinago (Snipes), etc.Common Redshank (Tringa totanus), Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres), Semipalmated Sandpiper (Calidris pusilla), etc.A diverse family of long-billed, long-legged waders frequenting coasts, wetlands, and river edges.
Recurvirostridae (Avocets, Stilts)Recurvirostra (Avocets), Himantopus (Stilts)Pied Avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta), Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus)Notable for very long legs and upward-curved or straight slender bills; often seen in shallow salt ponds.
Phalaropodidae (Phalaropes)* sometimes merged in ScolopacidaePhalaropus (Phalaropes)Red-necked Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus), etc.Unique small waders that often spin on the water’s surface to stir up food; found in high latitudes and coastal areas.

Note: Phalaropes are sometimes treated as a subfamily within sandpipers (Scolopacidae) or as a separate family.


IV. Summary

  1. Multiple Origins and Convergence

    • “Waders” do not represent a single evolutionary lineage; rather, many avian orders independently adapted to shallow-water habitats, converging on features such as long legs/neck/bill.

    • This demonstrates how different lineages fill similar ecological niches in wetland habitats around the globe.

  2. Ecological Importance and Conservation

    • Many waders help regulate invertebrate populations, recycle nutrients, and disperse seeds in aquatic environments.

    • Wetland loss, drainage, pollution, and climate change pose significant threats. Because many waders undertake long migrations, international cooperation is critical for conservation.

  3. Dynamic Taxonomy and Birdwatching Significance

    • Advances in molecular phylogenetics frequently revise the classification of these families and orders. New data clarify true evolutionary relationships among “wading birds.”

    • For birders and educators, recognizing key family traits and habitat requirements aids in appreciating wetland ecology and promoting the protection of these water-associated species.


This summary offers a preliminary classification framework and evolutionary background for the ecological grouping we call “wading birds.” For further details on specific families, genera, or species, consult specialized ornithological guides, scientific publications, or regional bird-monitoring data.

Waterfowl Wading birds Climbing birds Landfowl Bird of prey Songbird
Anhinga melanogaster

Anhinga melanogaster

Darter,Snake Bird

Features:It is monogamous, and its belly feathers are dark brown, hence its name. It looks like a snake but is not a snake, especially its long neck that can bend in an "S" shape, so it is commonly known as the "snake bird". This bird is black all over, with a small head and a slender neck. It is good at diving and uses its mouth as a harpoon to catch fish.

The Black-bellied Snake Darter (scientific name: Anhinga melanogaster, foreign name: Darter) is a bird of the family Anhinga in the order Pelecaniformes. Other name: Snake Bird It is large in size, about 850-900 mm long; its belly feathers are dark brown, hence the name; its neck is slender; its hea...

Microcarbo pygmaeus

Microcarbo pygmaeus

Microcarbo pygmaeus,Pygmy Cormorant

Features:It is the smallest of all cormorants. The pygmy cormorant is 1/3 smaller than the ordinary cormorant. The beak is strong and long. There are grooves on both sides of the upper beak, hooks at the end of the beak, and a throat pouch at the base of the lower beak. The nostrils are small and completely hidden in the adult bird. The eyes are first exposed. The neck is long and slender, the tail is round and hard, the feet are located at the back of the body, the tarsometatarsus is short and featherless, the toes are flat, and the hind toes are long and connected by webs.

The Pygmy Cormorant (Microcarbo pygmeus) is a seabird of the family Cormoridae. It is the smallest of all cormorants. This species is a partially migratory bird and is also a rare species in Western Europe.The Pygmy Cormorant has a strong and long beak, with grooves on both sides of the upper beak a...

Phalacrocorax capillatus

Phalacrocorax capillatus

Phalacrocorax capillatus,Temminck et Schlegal,Japanese Cormorant

Features:Very similar to the common cormorant, the back, shoulders and wing coverts of this species are greenish with a metallic sheen, while the feathers of the common cormorant are copper-brown. The white bare skin on the face and throat pouch is larger. The iris is blue, the bill is yellow, and the feet are black.

The dark green-backed cormorant (Phalacrocorax capillatus, Temminck et Schlegal) is also known as the Teminck's cormorant, the spotted-headed cormorant, the green-backed cormorant, the Dan's cormorant, the green cormorant, and the green-backed cormorant. It is a large water bird. It is 80-84...

Phalacrocorax carbo

Phalacrocorax carbo

Great Cormorant,Black Shag,Cormorant,White-breasted Cormorant,Heron, river cormorant, water crow, osprey, 鷧 (pronunciation meaning), black ghost, black fish man

Features:The whole body is almost completely black with a green-brown metallic luster. During the breeding season, there are white filamentous feathers behind the head and a white spot on the lower flank. These characteristics disappear during the non-breeding season. The body feathers of young birds are brown. The iris is red, the beak is gray-black, and the feet are black-green.

The cormorant (scientific name: Phalacrocorax carbo), also known as heron, river cormorant, water crow, osprey, 鷧 (pronounced and meaning), black ghost, black fish owl, etc., is a widely distributed seabird of the genus Phalacrocorax. It belongs to the genus Phalacrocorax of the family Phalacrocora...

Ardeola grayii

Ardeola grayii

Indian Pond-heron, Indian Pond Heron, Indian Pond-Heron

Features:A medium-sized wading bird, usually hunched, with a body that flashes with contrasting olive and brown markings when in flight, and a pair of bright white wings. A short, thick neck and a short, thick beak of light yellow or brown. Legs are red. In summer, adults grow long frills on their necks. When taking flight, their white wings make them stand out. The Indian Pond Heron is very well camouflaged, often allowing people to approach before quickly flying away, which has led local folk to believe that the bird is short-sighted or has eye problems.

The Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii) is a medium-sized wading bird, a small heron in the family Ardeidae in the order Pelecaniformes. It originates from the Old World, breeding in southern Iran, extending eastwards to the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. They are widespread and common,...

Egretta novaehollandiae

Egretta novaehollandiae

Egretta novaehollandiae,White-faced Heron,White-faced Heron

Features:The overall body color is bluish-gray, with white forehead and cheeks, hence the name white-faced heron. During the breeding season, the area between the beak and eyes of the white-faced heron is gray-black, but at other times it is light olive yellow. The white-faced heron has a long, straight, pointed beak, large and long wings, slender feet and toes, partially exposed shins, three toes in front and one toe behind, and a comb-like edge on the claw of the middle toe. Males and females are the same color, and the overall feather color is basically composed of three colors: pale, blue and gray. The forehead, crown, chin and upper throat are white, and the color of the crown is variable, and the white sometimes extends along the neck to the bottom of the neck. The color of the iris can be gray, green, dark yellow or cinnamon, and these changes vary from individual to individual.

The white-faced heron (Egretta novaehollandiae), also known as the white-faced heron, is a common bird found throughout much of Australia and Oceania, including New Guinea, the islands of the Torres Strait, Indonesia, New Zealand, and throughout all of Australia except the most arid regions.It is a...

Egretta picata

Egretta picata

Egretta picata,Pied Heron

Features:The lower half of the face and upper chest are white, and the rest of the body is metallic blue-black. During the breeding season, there are white needle-like feathers under the neck. The iris is orange-yellow, and the beak and feet are bright yellow.

The spotted egret (Taiwanese white-necked black egret) (scientific name: Egretta picata) is distributed in Sulawesi, Papua New Guinea, East Timor, Indonesia, coastal and sub-coastal areas of the northern monsoon region of Australia, and the Wallace region. In China, birds are only occasionally seen...

Ardea intermedia

Ardea intermedia

Intermediate Egret,Yellow-billed Egret。Plumed Egret,Mesophoyx intermedia、Egretta intermedia

Features:The middle egret is a medium-sized wading bird, characterized by its size, appearance, and behavior. The middle egret is slightly larger, with a thick, short beak that does not exceed the eyes, black legs and toes, and its neck shrinks into an S shape when flying. In appearance, the middle egret's beak and feet are always black, and its toes are yellow-green.

Ardea intermedia (scientific name: Ardea intermedia) is a bird of the genus Heron in the family Ardeidae, and its common name is the spring hoe. Egrets are large wading birds. The body is medium in size, 560~720 mm long, androgynous; the iris is yellow, and the mouth slit does not exceed the eyes, w...

Ardea alba

Ardea alba

Ardea alba,egret, heron, white floating bird, winter village, great white crane, white crane heron, white village, snow guest

Features:The whole body is pure white. During the breeding period, there are three rows of long and straight feathers with scattered branches on the shoulders and back, extending all the way back to the tail end. The beak can change color with the seasons.

The great egret (scientific name: Ardea alba) is a bird of the genus Egret in the family Ardeidae, order Stork. It is also known as Baizhuang, Gongzi and Baiwa. The feathers of the whole body are white; the eyes are yellow; the beak is orange-yellow (black during the breeding season); the neck has a...

Ardea purpurea

Ardea purpurea

Purple Heron、Purple heron, flower cellar horse, wood heron, long-necked heron

Features:A large wading bird with the characteristics of "three lengths", namely a long beak, a long neck, and long legs.

Ardea purpurea is a species of heron in the Ardeidae family. It is also known as purple heron, commonly known as flower cellar horse, wood heron or long-necked man. It is a widely distributed heron. They breed in Africa, central and southern Europe, and the southern and eastern Palearctic. Populatio...

Phaethon lepturus

Phaethon lepturus

Phaethon lepturus、White-tailed Tropicbird, Long-tailed tropicbird

Features:Smallest of three closely related seabirds of non-nesting tropical oceans and the smallest member of the order Phaethontiformes

White-tailed grebe (scientific name: Phaethon lepturus) is a bird of the genus Phaethon lepturus in the family Phaethonidae. It is commonly known as white-tailed grebe and long-tailed grebe. It is a tropical bird. Weighing 220-410 grams; body length 370-400 mm, plus extended tail feathers 680-990 mm...

Phoenicopterus roseus

Phoenicopterus roseus

Phoenicopterus roseus,

Features:It is similar in size to a stork, with a short, thick beak, a slender neck that curves into an "S" shape, and extremely long legs.

The Greater Flamingo is a genus of Flamingo in the order Phoenicopteridae, class Aves, phylum Chordata, with 1 genus and 6 species: about 80-160 cm tall, 130-142 cm long, and 2.5-3.5 kg in weight. It is a "lost bird" and is very rare. The Greater Flamingo has a high ornamental value, a gen...

Numenius arquata

Numenius arquata

Numenius arquata,Eurasian Curlew,Curlew

Features:White pinnacles serrated

There are two subspecies, Eurasian Curlew.It is a summer migratory bird in northeastern Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang and Jilin, and specimens were collected in eastern Liaoning in April and May, and may also breed. Wintering in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and southeast coastal prov...