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Waterfowl

Waterfowl is one of the six major ecological groups of birds, covering all species in the seven orders of Anseriformes, Loons, Grebes, Slugformes, Pelecaniformes, Larus, and Spheniscus in the traditional classification system of birds. Waterfowl are suitable for feeding in water. Such as geese, ducks, swans, etc. They like to live in water, with feet stretched back, webbed toes, flat or pointed beaks, good at swimming, diving and digging food in water, most of them are not good at walking on land, but fly very fast.

I. General Overview of Water Birds

  1. Definition and Characteristics

    • Habitat: Primarily found in or around bodies of water (rivers, lakes, wetlands, seas). Many species rely on aquatic environments for foraging or breeding, though some also spend time on land or in flight.

    • Morphological Adaptations: Often exhibit webbed (or partially webbed) feet, streamlined bodies, dense plumage with effective waterproofing, and well-developed oil glands—all aiding in swimming, diving, or floating.

    • Diverse Diets: Ranging from aquatic plants, plankton, fish, crustaceans, to mollusks, reflecting herbivorous, omnivorous, or carnivorous feeding habits.

    • Reproductive Strategies: Many nest near shorelines or in wetlands. Some species form large breeding colonies, migrate seasonally, or exhibit specialized egg incubation behaviors (including underwater nest sites).

  2. Diversity and Distribution

    • “Water birds” are distributed worldwide, from polar penguins to tropical pelicans, from inland loons to pelagic albatrosses.

    • Because of similar habitat demands, many unrelated groups exhibit convergent evolution (e.g., webbed feet, streamlined shapes) despite varying systematic positions.


II. Brief History and Evolution

  1. Broader Avian Background

    • Birds originated from theropod dinosaurs in the Mesozoic era. By the late Cretaceous, they had already diversified significantly.

    • Through continental drift and climate shifts, various avian lineages adapted to marine, coastal, and inland aquatic environments, evolving specialized forms for swimming, diving, or wading.

  2. Multiple Independent Transitions to Aquatic Life

    • Modern water birds do not derive from a single common “water-adapted ancestor.” Rather, different avian lineages evolved aquatic lifestyles multiple times (e.g., ducks vs. penguins have distant ancestry).

    • Convergent traits include webbing or lobed feet, waterproof plumage, streamlined bodies, salt glands (in some marine birds), and diving adaptations.

  3. Human Interactions

    • Aquatic birds play essential ecological roles—controlling aquatic prey, dispersing seeds, and serving as indicators of environmental health.

    • Humans have historically hunted or domesticated many water birds (e.g., ducks and geese) and continue to impact them through wetland drainage, pollution, and climate change.


III. Major Taxonomic Groups of “Water Birds”

Below is a simplified list of avian orders and families commonly associated with aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats. It includes typical genera and example species.

Note: For clarity, we focus on birds strongly linked to swimming and diving. Some waders or partially aquatic birds (e.g., certain Gruiformes or terrestrial waterfowl) are mentioned briefly. This summary is not exhaustive.


1. Order Anseriformes (Waterfowl)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Anatidae (Ducks, Geese, Swans)Anas (mallards), Branta (geese), Cygnus (swans), etc.Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus), Canada Goose (Branta canadensis)Classic waterfowl with webbed feet, globally widespread. Diets vary from herbivory to omnivory. Many species migrate.
Anhimidae (Screamers) – less commonAnhima (Horned Screamer)Horned Screamer (Anhima cornuta)South American birds with partially webbed feet; quite different in appearance from typical ducks.
Anseranatidae (Magpie Goose) – less commonAnseranas (Magpie Goose)Magpie Goose (Anseranas semipalmata)Found in Australia and New Guinea; has semi-webbed feet, mixing goose/duck traits with more primitive features.

2. Order Podicipediformes (Grebes)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Podicipedidae (Grebes)Podiceps (e.g., Great Crested Grebe), Tachybaptus (Little Grebe)Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus), Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis)Skilled divers with legs placed far back on the body for propulsion, typically nest in floating vegetation.

3. Order Gaviiformes (Loons)

FamilyRepresentative GenusExample SpeciesNotes
Gaviidae (Loons)Gavia (the loon genus)Arctic Loon (Gavia arctica), Pacific Loon (Gavia pacifica), etc.Northern Hemisphere diving birds; legs placed far to the rear, excellent swimmers, awkward on land.

4. Order Procellariiformes (Tubenoses)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Diomedeidae (Albatrosses)Diomedea, Phoebastria, etc.Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans), Black-footed Albatross (Phoebastria nigripes)Masterful long-distance fliers, extremely long wings, found circling the globe at sea.
Procellariidae (Shearwaters, Petrels)Puffinus (Shearwaters), Calonectris, Fulmarus, etc.Cory’s Shearwater (Calonectris diomedea), Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis)Pelagic birds with tubular nostrils aiding salt excretion; many feed on the ocean surface.
Hydrobatidae (Storm Petrels)Oceanodroma, etc.Leach’s Storm Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), etc.Smallest seabirds, feeding far offshore, returning to land only to breed, weak swimmers.

5. Order Pelecaniformes (Pelicans and Allies) & Related Seabirds

Modern molecular data often place frigatebirds, boobies, cormorants, pelicans, and others within or near Pelecaniformes and Suliformes. Below are some key “aquatic” families.

OrderFamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
PelecaniformesPelecanidae (Pelicans)Pelecanus (pelicans)Great White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus), etc.Large gular pouch for scooping fish, often nest in colonies near water.

Ardeidae (Herons, Egrets)* partially wadingArdea (herons), Egretta (egrets)Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Great Egret (Egretta alba)Many are waders, but some can swim; typically hunt fish/amphibians in shallow water.
SuliformesPhalacrocoracidae (Cormorants)Phalacrocorax (cormorants)Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), etc.Diving piscivores with partially wettable plumage, often seen drying wings after fishing.

Sulidae (Boobies, Gannets)Sula (boobies), Morus (gannets)Northern Gannet (Morus bassanus), Peruvian Booby (Sula variegata)Marine plunge divers, snatching fish with swift dives from the air.

Fregatidae (Frigatebirds)Fregata (frigatebirds)Magnificent Frigatebird (Fregata magnificens), etc.Superb aerialists, small webbed feet, seldom land on water, often steal food from other birds.

6. Order Sphenisciformes (Penguins)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Spheniscidae (Penguins)Aptenodytes (Emperor Penguins), Pygoscelis (Adélie Penguins), Spheniscus (banded penguins), etc.Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri), Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae), etc.Flightless marine birds in the Southern Hemisphere, wings modified into flippers for efficient underwater swimming.

7. Order Charadriiformes (Selected Water-Associated Groups)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesNotes
Laridae (Gulls, Terns)Larus (gulls), Sternula (terns), Chroicocephalus (black-headed gulls), etc.Herring Gull (Larus argentatus), Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus), etc.Worldwide distribution, opportunistic feeders, both marine and inland aquatic habitats.
Stercorariidae (Skuas, Jaegers)Stercorarius (jaegers)Pomarine Jaeger (Stercorarius pomarinus), etc.Aggressive seabirds often stealing prey (“kleptoparasitism”) from other birds.
Alcidae (Auks, Puffins, Guillemots)Fratercula (puffins), Uria (murres), etc.Tufted Puffin (Fratercula cirrhata), Thick-billed Murre (Uria lomvia)Northern Hemisphere diving seabirds reminiscent of penguins, but capable of flight.
Glareolidae (Coursers, Pratincoles)* Some semi-aquaticGlareola (pratincoles), etc.Oriental Pratincole (Glareola maldivarum), etc.Some species inhabit wetlands or riverbanks, capturing insects or small aquatic prey in flight.

8. Order Phoenicopteriformes (Flamingos)

FamilyRepresentative GenusExample SpeciesNotes
Phoenicopteridae (Flamingos)Phoenicopterus (Greater Flamingo), etc.Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber), Chilean Flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis), etc.Long legs and neck, specialized lamellae for filtering algae, crustaceans in saline or brackish lagoons.

IV. Conclusion

  1. A Polyphyletic Assembly

    • Though we informally group these adept swimmers and divers as “water birds,” molecular phylogenetics shows they belong to many orders and families with varying degrees of evolutionary distance.

    • Convergent traits (webbed feet, waterproof feathers, streamlined bodies) reflect repeated adaptations to aquatic life.

  2. Evolution and Ecological Role

    • The diversity of water birds stems from geographical and resource-driven selective pressures across seas, lakes, rivers, and wetlands.

    • In aquatic ecosystems, they fill roles ranging from herbivores and carnivores to scavengers and bioindicators, crucial for ecological balance.

  3. Conservation Challenges

    • Habitat degradation (wetland loss), coastal and ocean pollution, overfishing, and climate change all threaten water bird populations. Migratory species require international cooperation and protected areas.

    • Understanding their taxonomy, habits, and evolutionary history emphasizes the importance of preserving aquatic ecosystems—and the birds that rely on them.


While this overview includes many prominent aquatic bird orders and families, it is not exhaustive. Ongoing molecular studies may shift the classification of certain groups. For deeper or region-specific information, consulting specialized field guides, scientific papers, and local avifaunal surveys is recommended. By showcasing the diversity of water birds, your website can help users appreciate the fascinating adaptations and ecological roles these species play in aquatic habitats.

Waterfowl Wading birds Climbing birds Landfowl Bird of prey Songbird
Pelecanus crispus

Pelecanus crispus

Pelecanus crispus,Dalmatian Pelican

Features:The neck is often bent into an "S" shape and tucked into the shoulders

The Dalmatian Pelican, whose foreign name is Dalmatian Pelican, is a large white waterbird with no subspecies.Curly-feathered pelicans like to live in groups. The sound is low and hoarse. It likes to live in groups and swim, but it cannot dive and is good at walking on land. The neck is often bent i...

Pelecanus philippensis

Pelecanus philippensis

Pelecanus philippensis,Spot-billed Pelican,Pied-billed pelican, pelican, river escaping, goose, gannet, river escaping

Features:The edges of the upper and lower mouth have a row of blue-black spots

Spot-billed Pelican, also known as Spot-billed Pelican, has two subspecies.Spot-billed Pelican usually lives alone or in small groups. It is good at swimming and has strong flying ability. It flaps its wings slowly and powerfully, and often soars over the water. When swimming, the neck is stretched...

Pelecanus onocrotalus

Pelecanus onocrotalus

Pelecanus onocrotalus,Eastern White Pelican,pelican, troll, gannet, pelican

Features:The beak is long, thick, straight, lead blue, with an orange-yellow sac under the beak.

White Pelican is called Eastern White Pelican in foreign language. It is a large waterfowl with no subspecies.White Pelicans mainly feed on fish. They often live in groups. They are good at flying, swimming, and walking well on the ground. When flying, the head is retracted, the neck is bent into an...

Phalacrocorax pelagicus

Phalacrocorax pelagicus

Phalacrocorax pelagicus,Pelagic Cormorant,Black Pelican

Features:Good at cooperation, strong in diving and fishing, and very flexible in water

Pelagic Cormorant is a large water bird with two subspecies.Most of the sea cormorants are resident birds, active near the breeding grounds all year round, and a few populations that breed in the north need to fly to the warm waters in the south to overwinter. The time of migration often depends on...

Little Cormorant

Little Cormorant

Phalacrocorax niger

Features:Gentle and not afraid of people

Little Cormorant, a medium-sized cormorant, is much smaller than the general cormorant and has no subspecies.Little Cormorant is relatively docile and not afraid of people. It mainly feeds on fish. The main way of foraging is by diving, hunting for food underwater.Black-necked cormorants breed in va...

Brown Booby

Brown Booby

Sula leucogaster

Features:Good at flying and swimming, bold in temperament, with loud and rough calls

Brown Booby, also known as Brown Booby, is a waterfowl and large seabird with 5 subspecies.Brown Booby often lives in groups and has strong flying ability. They often continue to glide after flapping their wings for a distance, alternating between the two methods. They are also good at...

Red-footed Booby

Red-footed Booby

Sula sula

Features:Characterized by red feet and white tail, it has three color types: light, dark and intermediate.

Red-footed Booby is a black and white or smoky brown booby with three subspecies.Red-footed Booby is a resident bird and does not migrate long distances. It mainly feeds on fish, especially Spanish mackerel, and also eats squid and crustaceans. Its throat is loose and pouch-like, so it can swallow l...

Sula dactylatra

Sula dactylatra

Sula dactylatra,Masked Booby

Features:It is larger than the red-footed booby and the brown booby, and its young will kill each other.

The Masked Booby is a black and white booby with 6 subspecies.Except for the breeding season, the blue-faced booby spends most of its time at sea. They are good at flying and swimming, often flying in small groups over the sea or swimming on the sea. Sometimes they fly far from the coast in search o...

Lesser Frigatebird

Lesser Frigatebird

Fregata ariel

Features:A tireless aerialist

Lesser Frigatebird, also known as Lesser Frigatebird, has three subspecies.Lesser Frigatebird is a resident bird, wandering over long distances during some non-breeding seasons. Like other frigatebirds, the white-spotted frigatebird also has pirate habits, often snatching and forcing other seabirds...

Great Frigatebird

Great Frigatebird

Fregata minor

Features:The male bird has a red throat, which swells into a hemispherical throat sac during the breeding season.

Great Frigatebird is a large seabird with 5 subspecies.The Great Frigatebird is a resident bird, some of which migrate. It is good at flying. It mainly lives in the air. It can fly around in the air for a long time and tirelessly, often circling and soaring in the air like an eagle. It is very flexi...

Christmas Island Frigatebrid

Christmas Island Frigatebrid

Fregata andrewsi

Features:Not good at walking on land or swimming, and has a predatory feeding habit

The white-bellied frigatebird is also known as Christmas Island Frigatebrid. It is a tropical marine bird with no subspecies.The white-bellied frigatebird flies extremely fast and agilely, but is not good at walking on land or swimming. It mainly feeds in the air. In addition to being able to chase...

Phoebastria albatrus

Phoebastria albatrus

Petrel, albatross, Short-tailed Albatross

Features:Do not approach ships, resident bird, non-migratory

Short-tailed Albatross is a large seabird with no subspecies.Short-tailed Albatross usually moves alone or in pairs. Smaller groups can occasionally be seen in winter or in places where food is particularly abundant. It is good at gliding and often flies over the ocean except during th...

Phoebastria nigripes

Phoebastria nigripes

Phoebastria nigripes,Black-footed Albatross

Features:Individual upper and lower tail coverings are white, and all other places are black

The Black-footed Albatross (footed Albatross) is a large seabird of the family Albatross of the order Petrel, footed.The black-footed albatross is very similar to the short-tailed albatross subadult, but the short-tailed albatross subadult beak and feet are not black, there are obvious white spots o...

Sterna acuticauda

Sterna acuticauda

Sterna acuticauda,Black-bellied Tern

Features:Lower thorax, abdomen, and tail undercover black

The Black-bellied Tern is a small waterbird with no subspecies.Black-bellied terns often fly over the waters. It's very rare to stop. The black-bellies mainly feed on small fish. They also eat shrimp, tadpoles, crustaceans, and insects. Often dive underwater to hunt fish. When food is found in t...

Sterna aurantia

Sterna aurantia

Sterna aurantia,River Tern, Indian River Tern,Yellow-billed tern, Indus Tern

Features:The forehead of summer Yu is black with a green metallic luster, while the forehead of winter Yu is dark white

River Tern is a medium-sized waterfowl with no subspecies.River terns are resident birds. They often live alone or in small groups of 2-3. They fly frequently over rivers and rarely stop. Flying light and agile, slow and leisurely, between the green mountains and green water, after finding food, qui...

Larus relictus

Larus relictus

Larus relictus,Relict Gull,angler

Features:The upper, lower and posterior edges of the eyes have significant white spots, and the neck is white; Back light gray; Waist, tail cover and tail feathers pure white

Relict Gull is a medium-sized waterfowl with no subspecies.In 1931, zoologist Ejnar Lonnberg, then director of the Swedish Museum of Natural History, wrote about a number of bird specimens collected in Ejin Banner, China, and referred to the surviving gull only as an Oriental geographic population o...

Larus minutus

Larus minutus

Larus minutus,Little Gull,Hydrocoloeus minutus

Features:Summer feather head black, winter feather head white

Little Gull is a small waterfowl with no subspecies.Little gulls are partly summer birds, partly travellers. Often move in groups. It spends most of its time flying above the water. Flying light, agile, flapping very lightly on the wings. It feeds mainly on spineless movers such as insects, insect l...

Podiceps nigricollis

Podiceps nigricollis

Black-necked grebe, tranche board,Podiceps nigricollis,Black-necked Grebe, Grèbe à cou noir

Features:The wing color is fiery red, the neck is black, and the overall plumage distribution color difference is particularly obvious

The Black-necked Grebe, with 4 subspecies, is a medium-sized water bird.Similarly, the horned grebe has a straight mouth and a flat forehead; The front neck and chest of the summer feather are red, and the feathers behind the eyes are not fanned out but in a family shape. The winter feather below th...

Podiceps auritus

Podiceps auritus

Podiceps auritus,Horned Grebe

Features:Starting from the front of the eyes to the back of the eyes, there is a cluster of golden chestnut feathers on each side extending to the back of the head, forming a double horn shape, hence the name.

Horned Grebe has two subspecies.Horned Grebes move in small groups in winter. It breeds in freshwater areas throughout the northern temperate zone. Parent birds often carry their chicks on their backs when swimming. In winter, it disperses to the south of about 30° north latitude, including coastal...

Podiceps grisegena

Podiceps grisegena

Podiceps grisegena,Red-necked Grebe,Great red grebe

Features:They stay together for life

pit Grebe (pit) foreign name red-necked grebe, there are 2 subspecies in the world, that is, Red necked Grebe named subspecies P. g. Grisegena (Boddaert, 1783) and the Red Necked Grebe Northern subspecies P. g. holboellii (Reinhardt, 1854). China has only a northern subspecies, which breeds in Heilo...

Asarcornis scutulata

Asarcornis scutulata

Asarcornis scutulata,White wing forest duck,White-winged Duck,White-winged Wood Duck,Cairina scutulata

Features:The head and neck were white, covered with black spots, and the wings were covered with white feathers

Cairina scutulata is a white-winged duck with no subspecies.The white-winged duck is classified together with the wart-nosed duck in the genus Periscopus. However, analysis of cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 in mitochondrial DNA and biogeographical distribution patterns indicate that t...