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Climbing birds

A relatively detailed introduction to climbing birds (usually referring to birds with climbing or clinging abilities and zygodactyl or heterodactyl feet), including its traditional concept, modern classification research, and order, family, and genus tables of representative groups. It should be noted in advance that "climbing birds" are often regarded as a collection based on morphology and ecological habits in traditional bird classification, rather than a strict monophyletic group. With the development of molecular systematics, many birds that were previously classified as "climbing birds" are scattered in multiple orders in modern classification systems. Climbing birds are one of the six major ecological groups of birds, covering the traditional bird classification system of Psittaciformes, Cuculiformes, Apomorpha, Mynaeformes, Trogons, Nighthawks, Pseudocranopterygiiformes, and Pipiriformes. Climbing birds include secondary ecological groups such as nighthawks, parrots, cuckoos, swifts, emeralds, kingfishers, woodpeckers, and pseudo-woodpeckers.

I. Introduction to Climbing Birds

  1. Traditional Definition of Climbing Birds

    • Foot Structure: Many “climbing birds” exhibit zygodactyl feet (toes II and III pointing forward, toes I and IV pointing backward), enabling them to cling to vertical or inclined surfaces. Some (e.g., trogons) have heterodactyl feet (toes III and IV forward, toes I and II backward), serving a similar climbing function.

    • Climbing / Wood-pecking Habits: Many rely on arboreal foraging or specialized feeding on or within trees. Woodpeckers climb trunks to chisel for insects; parrots often use their feet and curved beaks to grip branches and aid in climbing.

    • Global Distribution and Diversity: Climbing birds inhabit tropical, subtropical, and temperate forests worldwide—e.g., toucans in South America, mousebirds in Africa, parrots in Oceania, Asia, and Africa, etc.

    • Not a Single Lineage: Early morphological/ecological groupings classified all zygodactyl or tree-climbing birds together, but molecular research has demonstrated these species belong to distinct evolutionary lineages.

  2. Key Adaptations and Behaviors

    • Adapted Feet: Zygodactyl or heterodactyl feet facilitate vertical or angled perching; some (e.g., woodpeckers) have stiff tail feathers to support their body against tree trunks.

    • Bill Diversity: Parrots possess powerful, curved bills to crack seeds and assist climbing; woodpeckers have chisel-like bills; toucans have large bills for reaching fruit in the canopy.

    • Nesting and Reproduction: Many species nest in tree holes (excavated or natural cavities). Parrots, for instance, may also utilize cliff holes, ground burrows, or even human-made structures.


II. Historical Evolution and Classification Shifts

  1. Traditional (Older) Classifications

    • In early morphology-based taxonomy, many birds with zygodactyl feet or climbing habits (e.g., parrots, woodpeckers, trogons, mousebirds) were grouped into a “picarian” or “climbing bird” assembly (variously called “Picinae,” “Piciformes” in a broad sense, or “Scansores”).

    • Like other ecological-morphological groupings (e.g., “wading birds,” “waterfowl”), this approach did not accurately reflect true phylogenetic relationships.

  2. Discoveries Through Modern Molecular Systematics

    • Genetic evidence shows that parrots (Psittaciformes) are more closely related to the clade that includes swifts and nightjars than they are to woodpeckers; woodpeckers and their allies (Piciformes) are relatively closer to passerines (songbirds) on a different branch; trogons, mousebirds, and rollers each have their own separate evolutionary paths.

    • As a result, current classifications no longer place all zygodactyl birds in a single “climbing bird” order but rather distribute them among distinct orders—though from an ecological perspective, they can still be introduced collectively as “climbing birds.”

  3. Representative Evolutionary Branches (Brief)

    • Psittaciformes (Parrots): Includes parrots, macaws, lories, etc.; large, curved bills, high intelligence, found in South/Central America, Oceania, Africa, parts of Asia.

    • Piciformes (Woodpeckers & Allies): Includes woodpeckers, barbets, toucans, honeyguides, etc., mostly in tropical/subtropical regions, known for varied beak shapes and foraging strategies.

    • Trogoniformes (Trogons): Heterodactyl feet, typically in tropical/subtropical forests worldwide, known for vivid plumage.

    • Coliiformes (Mousebirds): Restricted to sub-Saharan Africa, small, crested birds with unique climbing posture and long tails.

    • Some families in Coraciiformes (like hornbills) or Musophagiformes (like turacos) also exhibit partial climbing adaptations but are usually classified independently according to molecular data.


III. Major “Climbing Bird” Groups and Classification Table

Below is a modern systematic breakdown of the main orders considered “climbing birds” (in the traditional, ecological sense), highlighting notable families and representative genera. This grouping does not denote a single lineage, but rather a shared adaptation for climbing.

1. Order Psittaciformes (Parrots)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesDistribution & Notes
Psittacidae (True Parrots)Amazona (Amazon parrots), Ara (Macaws), Cacatua (Cockatoos), etc.Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao), Blue-fronted Amazon (Amazona aestiva), etc.Predominantly found in South & Central America, also some in Oceania. Large, curved bills, strong climbing ability, high intelligence. Popular as pets.
Loriidae (Lories, Lorikeets)Trichoglossus (Rainbow Lorikeets), etc.Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus moluccanus), etc.Found mainly in Australia and New Guinea, specialized brush-tipped tongues for feeding on nectar and pollen.
Psittaculidae (Old World Parrots)* sometimes merged into above familiesPsittacula (Ringneck Parakeets), Agapornis (Lovebirds), etc.Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri), Black-masked Lovebird (Agapornis personatus), etc.Native to Africa, Asia, Oceania; many are well-known as aviary or pet birds.

Note: The exact family structure can differ by source, often distinguished as “New World parrots” vs. “Old World parrots,” etc.


2. Order Piciformes (Woodpeckers & Allies)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesDistribution & Notes
Picidae (Woodpeckers)Dendrocopos (Pied Woodpeckers), Picus (Green Woodpeckers), etc.Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major), European Green Woodpecker (Picus viridis)Zygodactyl feet + stiff tail feathers aid vertical climbing. Mostly insectivorous, globally distributed except Antarctica.
Indicatoridae (Honeyguides)* sometimes merged or considered separate from barbetsIndicator, Prodotiscus, etc.Greater Honeyguide (Indicator indicator), etc.Mostly in Africa/Asia; known for guiding mammals or humans to wild bee nests, feeding on wax, larvae, honey.
Ramphastidae / Lybiidae / Megalaimidae (Toucans, Barbets, etc.)Ramphastos (Toucans), Capito (New World barbets), Psilopogon (Asian barbets), etc.Keel-billed Toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus), various barbet species (Psilopogon incognitus), etc.Primarily tropical. Large or specialized bills (e.g., toucans); feed on fruit, insects in the forest canopy.

Note: Classification within Piciformes can be intricate, with multiple families or subfamilies for barbets, toucans, honeyguides, etc.


3. Order Trogoniformes (Trogons)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesDistribution & Notes
Trogonidae (Trogons)Trogon, Pharomachrus (Quetzals), etc.Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno), various Trogon speciesHeterodactyl feet (toes III & IV forward, I & II backward); tropical/subtropical distribution; bright, iridescent plumage. Some (like quetzals) are culturally significant.

4. Order Coliiformes (Mousebirds)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesDistribution & Notes
Coliidae (Mousebirds)Colius, UrocoliusWhite-backed Mousebird (Colius colius) etc.Endemic to sub-Saharan Africa, small birds with serrated bills, strong-grip feet, and long tails. Known for clinging upside-down to branches.

5. Other Groups with Climbing Adaptations

  • Coraciiformes (Rollers, Kingfishers, Hornbills): Some hornbills (Family Bucerotidae) show partial zygodactyly, but are generally placed in their own evolutionary branch, not traditionally among “climbing birds.”

  • Musophagiformes (Turacos): Some can climb adeptly in trees, though their foot structure differs from typical zygodactyl forms; molecular data place them in a separate lineage.


IV. Summary

  1. Multiple Evolutionary Origins

    • “Climbing birds” were historically lumped together due to zygodactyl or climbing-friendly foot structures, but modern research reveals they belong to separate orders (Psittaciformes, Piciformes, Trogoniformes, Coliiformes, etc.).

    • This showcases multiple, independent adaptations to arboreal niches and vertical surfaces across avian evolution (convergent evolution).

  2. Ecological Functions and Human Interactions

    • Many climbing birds play crucial ecological roles: for example, woodpeckers control insect pests, while parrots and toucans disperse seeds.

    • Humans keep parrots as pets, utilize woodpeckers for natural pest control, and have also threatened forest habitats through deforestation. Many species (e.g., rare parrots or quetzals) are endangered due to habitat loss and illegal trade.

  3. Conservation and Research Outlook

    • Because many climbing birds depend on tropical or specialized forest habitats, they are vulnerable to logging, fragmentation, and poaching. Numerous parrot, toucan, and trogon species are listed under threatened categories.

    • Ongoing molecular and behavioral studies continue to refine our understanding of their evolutionary relationships, informing more targeted conservation approaches.


By presenting these orders and families, can illustrate how “climbing birds,” though ecologically similar in foot structure and behavior, are distributed across multiple lineages in modern avian systematics. For more in-depth data on identification, distribution, and conservation, refer to specialized ornithological literature, field guides, and the latest phylogenetic research. We hope this provides a clear, in-depth look at the fascinating world of climbing birds.

Waterfowl Wading birds Climbing birds Landfowl Bird of prey Songbird
Harpactes oreskios

Harpactes oreskios

Harpactes oreskios,Orange-breasted Trogon

Features:Poor flying ability, fast but not far

Orange-breasted Trogon, also known as Orange-breasted Trogon, has 5 subspecies.Orange-breasted Trogons often move alone or in pairs; they are arboreal, either climbing on the top branches of small trees to eat wild fruits, or standing quietly on tree branches waiting for an opportunity to pounce on...

Centropus bengalensis

Centropus bengalensis

Centropus bengalensis,Lesser Coucal,Little Chicken,Little Crow Pheasant,Little Pheasant Cock,Little Wasp

Features:It looks similar to the brown-winged cuckoo, but is smaller in size and has reddish-brown or chestnut underwing feathers.

Lesser Coucal is a medium-sized bird with three subspecies.Lesser Coucal is a resident bird, often moving alone or in pairs. It is smart and secretive, and will immediately run into dense bushes or grass if it is slightly disturbed. It mainly feeds on insects and other small animals such as locusts,...

Centropus sinensis

Centropus sinensis

Centropus sinensis,Big hairy chicken, hairy chicken, red hairy chicken, red pheasant, wasp, green knot chicken, Luogu

Features:The whole body is black except for the wings, shoulders and inner side of the shoulders which are chestnut.

The Greater Coucal is a medium-sized bird with 6 subspecies.The Greater Coucal prefers to move alone or in pairs, rarely in groups. It usually moves on the ground, and when resting, it also perches on small branches or basks in the sun on the top of reeds, especially after rain. It is good at hiding...

Hirundapus cochinchinensis

Hirundapus cochinchinensis

Hirundapus cochinchinensis,Silver-backed Needletail

Features:The shoulders, back and waist are brown-gray, forming an inconspicuous saddle-shaped gray-brown spot on the back.

Grey-throated Needle-tailed Swift often flies in open areas and over forests. It flies very fast. It mainly catches flying insects in the air for food.Grey-throated Needle-tailed Swift's breeding season is between February and March. It nests in rock caves and tree holes. The nest is made of mos...

Aerodramus fuciphagus

Aerodramus fuciphagus

Aerodramus fuciphagus,Edible-nest Swiftlet

Features:Black tail, the whole body is black or brown, the large tail is fan-shaped and not forked

The Java Swiftlet is called Edible-nest Swiftlet in English, and has 8 subspecies.The Java Swiftlet flies along the coast and islands all day long to catch flying insects, and rarely rests. When flying, it does not make sharp turns like the house swallow, because its tail feathers are not forked. Mo...

Hemiprocne coronata

Hemiprocne coronata

Hemiprocne coronata,Crested Treeswift,Crested Tree Swift

Features:It has a long crest on its head, shining with green luster, very beautiful and unique.

The Crested Treeswift is called Crested Treeswift in English. There are 6 subspecies in total, and only 1 subspecies is distributed in my country. The distribution range is very limited. It is a rare bird and is a second-level protected animal in my country.None of the Crested Swifts are truly migra...

Batrachostomus hodgsoni

Batrachostomus hodgsoni

Batrachostomus hodgsoni,Hodgson's Frogmouth,Black-crowned Frogmouth, Black-crowned Frogmouth

Features:The mouth is wide like a frog

The Black-capped Frogmouth Nightjar, also known as Hodgson’s Frogmouth in foreign languages, is an internationally endangered species. Its full name is the Black-capped Frogmouth Nightjar. According to the China Forestry Science Data Center, the scientific name of the Black-capped Frogmouth Nightja...

Harpactes erythrocephalus

Harpactes erythrocephalus

Red Pigeon,Harpactes erythrocephalus,Red-headed Trogon

Features:The male bird is distinguished by its red head, and the female bird is distinguished from other female trogons by its red abdomen.

Red-headed Trogons are mostly single or in pairs; they live in trees, either climbing on the top branches of small trees to eat wild fruits, or standing quietly on tree branches waiting for an opportunity to attack flying insects, and occasionally following flying insects. They have poor flying abil...

Harpactes wardi

Harpactes wardi

Harpactes wardi,Ward's Trogon

Features:Very beautiful bird

The red-bellied trogon is a crimson and dark chestnut trogon. It has an orange-yellow eyebrow pattern; the central tail feathers are black. The outer tail feathers of the wedge tail are crimson on the ventral side as a distinguishing feature.The red-bellied trogon often moves alone or in pairs; it i...

Batrachostomus hodgsoni

Batrachostomus hodgsoni

Batrachostomus hodgsoni,Black-capped Frogmouth, Black-capped Frogmouth, Old Fearful,Batrachostomus hodgsoni hodgsoni

Features:It has a wide mouth and is the only frog-mouthed owl in China.

The body shape of the Black-capped Frogmouth is similar to that of a nighthawk. However, the beak is wide, and the upper beak is very curved with a hooked tip. The whiskers on the forehead and head are very developed, and the nostrils are covered by whiskers, which distinguishes it from birds of the...

Lyncornis macrotis

Lyncornis macrotis

Lyncornis macrotis,Eurostopodus macrotis

Features:The largest species of Chinese nightjar, and the only one with ear tufts.

The hairy-legged nightjar is a medium-sized bird of the family Viperidae and genus Viperidae. It has dark brown horizontal stripes on its body, very conspicuous ear feathers, and a yellow-brown crown, which is lighter than the rest of the head. The top of the head is sandy yellow with very fine blac...

Caprimulgus indicus

Caprimulgus indicus

Caprimulgus indicus,Jungle Nightjar,Nighthawk, mosquito-bird, bark-sticking bird, ghost bird, night swallow

Features:The feather color is very similar to the bark, which helps the animal hide itself and more effectively avoid enemies and catch food.

Common nighthawk is a resident bird in Tibet, China, and a summer migratory bird in other places. It moves alone or in pairs. It is nocturnal, and it often crouches on the grass in the forest or lies on the dark tree trunks during the day, hence the name "sticking to the bark". Because its...

Caprimulgus europaeus

Caprimulgus europaeus

European Nightjar, Eurasian Nightjar,Caprimulgus europaeus,Eurasian Nightjar

Features:The beak is short, the mouth is very large, and the tips of the wings are rounded.

The European Nightjar was formerly known as the goatsucker because farmers believed that the bird sucked goat's milk at night. Its broad beak is a reflection of this legend. In reality, the short, broad beak is used to catch prey such as moths at night.The plumage of an adult European Nightjar i...

Caprimulgus aegyptius

Caprimulgus aegyptius

Mosquitobird,Caprimulgus aegyptius,Egyptian Nightjar

Features:Nocturnal, phototactic

The Egyptian Nightjar is a small bird of the family Viperidae and the genus Viper. It looks very similar to the European Nightjar, but its body color is lighter. The upper body is mostly light gray, sandy gray or leathery gray, with less obvious dark spots. The throat is white, and the white spots o...

Caprimulgus macrurus

Caprimulgus macrurus

Sticking bark, mosquito-bird,Caprimulgus macrurus,Large-tailed Nightjar

Features:The beak is surrounded by a circle of bristle-like feathers, like a brush.

The long-tailed nighthawk lives in evergreen broad-leaved forests, shrubs, scrub belts, mangroves, savannas and wetlands. During the day, it often crouches in dense forests or grasslands, and is sometimes seen standing on rocks by the roadside. Because of its small claws, it often moves by jumping o...

Caprimulgus affinis

Caprimulgus affinis

Nighthawk, bark-sticking, mosquito-bird,Savannah Nightjar,Allied Nightjar

Features:It particularly likes to eat pests such as beetles, moths and mosquitoes, so it is nicknamed the "mosquito bird".

The nighthawk is a small bird of the family Noctilucentidae. Its upper body is mostly gray-brown, and its two pairs of outer tail feathers are almost pure white, with only a small dark tip, which is clearly visible when flying.The nighthawk often moves alone or in pairs. It is nocturnal and mostly r...

Short-tailed Parrot

Short-tailed Parrot

Vernal hanging parrot, Indian parrot

Features:It often hangs itself vertically, so it is also called a hanging parrot or a hanging parrot.

The short-tailed parrot is a typical climbing bird, with a small body and a tail shorter than the wings; a thin beak, short, strong and powerful legs, two toes forward and two toes backward, suitable for grasping and climbing. The body feathers are mainly green, with a red beak and red waist, and th...

Blue-rumped Short-tailed Parrot

Blue-rumped Short-tailed Parrot

Blue-rumped Parrot, Mexican Parrot, Blue-rumped Parrot

Features:Strong beak

The Blue-rumped Short-tailed Parrot is a small parrot, also known as the Mexican Parrot, with mainly green feathers and blue wings. It is a typical climbing bird with a strong and powerful beak, a hooked beak, a movable joint in the upper jaw, and a wax membrane at the base of the beak. The mu...

Palaeornis eupatria

Palaeornis eupatria

Palaeornis eupatria,Alexandrine Parakeet,Psittacula eupatria (Linnaeus, 1766),Psittacus Eupatria Linneaus, 1766,Alexan Parrot

Features:Asia's largest parakeet

Alexandrine parrots look a bit like ring-necked parrots, but are much larger in size and have obvious red spots on their wings. They have good ability to learn to talk and are gentle by nature. They can be trained to learn some tricks in captivity and have many color variants. They live in various t...

Amazona auropalliata

Amazona auropalliata

Amazona auropalliata,Amazona auropalliata,Yellow-necked Amazon Parrot, Yellow-necked Amazon Parrot

Features:A famous master of learning to speak

The yellow-necked Amazon parrot is a typical climbing bird, with two toes facing forward and two toes facing backward, suitable for grasping. The bird's beak is strong and powerful, and can eat hard-shelled fruits. The feathers are bright and handsome. Most of the feathers are green.It usually m...

Amazona ochrocephala

Amazona ochrocephala

Amazona ochrocephala,Yellow-crowned Amazon,Single hat, small yellow hat, yellow crowned parrot

Features:Yellow crown

Parrots come in many different types, with different shapes and colorful feathers. Their bright feathers and huge hook-like beaks make them particularly eye-catching. These beautiful birds are facing a deteriorating living environment, with a sharp decline in populations. Some species of parrots are...