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Reptiles: Different Types, Definition, Photos, and More

Reptiles (Reptilia) are a large group of vertebrates that mainly cover their bodies with dry scales or shields and are mainly adapted to terrestrial environments, but some also live in water. They have an important position in the history of evolution and are the first vertebrates to fully adapt to terrestrial life.

  • Scientific name: Reptilia

  • Main features:

    1. Body covered with scales: Epidermal scales or shields prevent water loss

    2. Oviparous: Most reptiles reproduce by laying eggs, which have tough shells.

    3. Poikilotherms: Body temperature changes with ambient temperature.

    4. Pulmonary respiration: Reptiles rely on lungs for respiration.

    5. Diverse limb structures: Some reptiles (such as snakes) have degenerated and have no limbs.

  • Ecological role:

    • Predator: Control the number of pests and small animals.

    • Food source: Provide energy for birds of prey, mammals, etc.

  • Evolutionary history:

    • Originated in the Carboniferous period about 310 million years ago.

    • It is an animal that evolved from amphibians and is fully adapted to terrestrial life.

    • Reptiles are the ancestors of dinosaurs and birds.


Classification of reptiles

Reptiles are traditionally divided into four major orders: Lepidosauria (snakes and lizards), Testudinata (turtles), Crocodilia (crocodiles), and Rhynchocephalus (representatives of ancient reptiles).

Classification levelOrderFamilyGenusExamples
LepidosaursSquamataLacertidaeLacertaGreen lizard, sand lizard


VaranidaeVaranusKomodo dragon


ViperidaeViperaCommon viper


ElapidaeNajaCobra, Black Mamba


BoaPython


CrotalinaeCrotalusRattlesnake
TestudinataTestudinata (Testudines)TestudinidaeTestudoSulcata tortoise, Indian star tortoise


CheloniidaeCheloniaGreen turtle, hawksbill turtle


Mud turtle family (Kinosternidae)Mud turtle genus (Kinosternon)Mud turtle


TrionychidaePelodiscusChinese softshell turtle
CrocodyliaCrocodile (Crocodylidae)Crocodile (Crocodylus)Nile crocodile, saltwater crocodileNile crocodile, saltwater crocodile


AlligatoridaeAlligator (Alligator)American alligator, Chinese alligator


GavialidaeGavialisGharials
RhynchocephaliaRhynchocephaliaSphenodontidaeSphenodonSphenodon (endemic to Oceania)

Main characteristics and adaptations of reptiles

1. Body structure

  • Scales and shields: Prevent water evaporation and adapt to dry environments.

  • Evolution of limbs: Most have limbs, while snakes have degenerated into limbless ones.

  • Skeletal system: Reptiles have strong bones, which are particularly suitable for life on land.

2. Respiratory system

  • Pulmonary breathing: Reptiles rely entirely on lungs for gas exchange, which is more efficient than amphibians.

3. Reproduction

  • Oviparous: Most reptiles lay eggs with tough shells.

  • A few are viviparous: Some snakes, for example, can give birth to their young directly.

4. Poikilothermia

The body temperature of reptiles changes with the external environment, so they live in warm areas.



History of Reptile Evolution

  1. Early Reptiles:

    • Reptiles originated in the Carboniferous period, and the earliest reptiles were called "Anaplasti".

    • They evolved from amphibians and developed more efficient waterproof skin and respiratory systems.

  2. Age of Dinosaurs:

    • Reptiles reached their peak in the Mesozoic Era (about 200 million years ago), including dinosaurs, pterosaurs, etc.

    • Dinosaurs were the most successful group of reptiles, and their descendants evolved into modern birds.

  3. Modern Reptiles:

    • Existing reptiles are survivors of the extinction of dinosaurs, including crocodiles, snakes, lizards, and turtles.


Ecological Roles of Reptiles

  1. Predators and Food Chain Control:

    • Large reptiles such as crocodiles are top predators.

    • Lizards and snakes control the number of pests and maintain ecological balance.

  2. Seed Dispersers:

    • Some lizards eat fruits and spread seeds, which helps vegetation reproduce.

  3. Environmental Health Indicators:

    • Reptiles are very sensitive to habitat changes, and their numbers can reflect the health of the ecological environment.


Reptiles in the World

1. Lepidosauria (Snakes and Lizards)

  • Includes the largest variety of reptiles, such as pythons, rattlesnakes, geckos and monitor lizards.

  • Widely distributed throughout the world, from tropical rainforests to deserts.

2. Testudinata (Turtles)

  • Turtles are widely distributed in terrestrial and aquatic environments, including sea turtles, land tortoises and freshwater turtles.

  • Representative species: green turtles, sulcata tortoises.

3. Crocodiles (Crocodile)

  • Includes large aquatic reptiles such as the NidaliaCrocodiles and American alligators.

  • Crocodiles live in tropical wetlands and rivers.

4. Rhynchocephalus

  • There is only one species left: the Rhynchocephalus, which is distributed in New Zealand.

  • Known as a "living fossil", it is a species left over from the dinosaur era.


Reptile conservation status

  1. Habitat destruction:

    • Deforestation and wetland destruction seriously threaten the survival of reptiles.

  2. Climate change:

    • Affects the incubation temperature and sex ratio of eggs.

  3. Illegal trade:

    • Turtles and snakes are often illegally caught due to their high economic value.

  4. Protection measures:

    • Establish nature reserves.

    • Strengthen international cooperation to protect endangered species.


Conclusion

Reptiles are among the oldest and most adaptable animals on Earth, and their diversity tells a remarkable story of evolution. From rattlesnakes in the desert to turtles in the deep sea, reptiles have adapted to a variety of extreme environments.

Testudines Squamata Crocodilia Lizardia
Hydrophis ornatus

Hydrophis ornatus

Hydrophis ornatus,Black-spotted sea snake, pale grey sea snake

Features:The back of the head is black, olive or gray, and the back of the body and tail is light gray or olive with wide black or dark ring spots

The Latin name of the pale gray sea snake Hydrophis ornatus is a reptile of the genus Hydrophis in the family Elapidae.The pale gray sea snake lives in the ocean. It eats eels and also eats dead fish when it is raised. It is ovoviviparous.Listed in the second level of the "List of National Key...

Hydrophis melanocephalus

Hydrophis melanocephalus

Hydrophis melanocephalus,Black-headed sea snake

Features:The back of the head has yellowish-white spots, the back of the body is olive or gray, and the abdomen is yellowish-white with black rings.

The black-headed sea snake is mainly Hydrophis melanocephalus, an animal of the genus Hydrophis in the family Elapidae.The black-headed sea snake mainly lives in tropical to subtropical waters. It is a completely aquatic snake and has difficulty moving on land. They are mostly seen during the day an...

Hydrophis fasciatus

Hydrophis fasciatus

Hydrophis fasciatus,Sea Snake,Ringed sea snake

Features:Back side dark grey with black rings

The Latin name of the ringed sea snake is Hydrophis fasciatus, which is a highly venomous snake.The ringed sea snake lives in the sea and mainly feeds on small eels and squids.The sea snake is ovoviviparous. In September, a baby snake of 350 to 400 mm was collected in Hainan (the umbilicus was still...

Hydrophis cyanocinctus

Hydrophis cyanocinctus

Hydrophis cyanocinctus,Sea snake, sea snake

Features:The venom is more than 20 times that of a king cobra.

The Latin name of the blue-ringed sea snake is Hydrophis cyanocinctus, a highly venomous snake of the front groove class.The blue-ringed sea snake mainly preys on snake eels. Most of the food is sharp-nosed snake eels. Occasionally there are other eels and fish. Food is mainly swallowed from the hea...

Emydocephalus ijimae

Emydocephalus ijimae

Emydocephalus ijimae,Egg sea snake, Turtle head sea snake

Features:The ventral scales are small and their width is no more than 2 times the adjacent body scales.

The Latin name of the turtle-headed sea snake is Emydocephalus ijimae, which is a reptile of the genus Emydocephalus in the family Elapidae.The turtle-headed sea snake lives in seawater. It is ovoviviparous. It feeds on fish.The turtle-headed sea snake is an animal with striking white stripes. But i...

Laticauda semifasciata

Laticauda semifasciata

Laticauda semifasciata,Semi-ringed flat-tailed sea snake

Features:Mild in nature, highly toxic

The Latin name of the semi-ringed flat-tailed sea snake is Laticauda semifasciata. It is a reptile of the genus Laticauda in the family Elapidae, with no subspecies.The semi-ringed flat-tailed sea snake lives in water most of the time, but also enters land for mating, digesting food, resting and lay...

Laticauda colubrina

Laticauda colubrina

Laticauda colubrina,Gray sea snake, fire snake, gray-blue flat-tailed sea snake

Features:In water, it uses its paddle-like tail to move back and forth to propel itself forward.

The gray-blue flat-tailed sea snake, whose Latin name is Laticauda colubrina, belongs to the genus Laticauda of the family Elapidae.The blue-grey flat-tailed sea snake is a good swimmer and spends most of its time in the ocean, but it also spends 25 to 50% of its time on land to mate, lay eggs, dige...

Acrochordus granulatus

Acrochordus granulatus

Acrochordus granulatus,Wart-scaled snake

Features:It is a species of snake that lives entirely in water.

Little wart snake (pinyin: luǒ lín shé), English name: Little wart snake, is a snake species that lives entirely in water.The main food of the scrofula is fish, but there are a lot of these snakes, and they live in groups, so when fishermen fish, they will also salvage the scrofula, and many fish...

Ptyas carinatus

Ptyas carinatus

Ptyas carinatus,Green black snake, dragon bone rat snake, black web black snake

Features:The subspecies is mainly green in color, very beautiful, a large non-venomous snake

The black-netted snake is called Ptyas carinatus in foreign language. It is the largest type of snake.The black-netted snake is timid by nature, extremely agile, good at climbing, and loves to move, but has little ability to entangle, and is mostly active during the day.The main food of the black-ne...

Thermophis baileyi

Thermophis baileyi

Thermophis baileyi,Hot Spring Snake

Features:The snake that lives at the highest altitude

The hot spring snake, whose Latin name is Thermophis baileyi, is the only snake species with the highest vertical distribution (4,350 m) in my country and is unique to the Tibetan Plateau in my country.Currently, little is known about the living habits of hot spring snakes. It is only known that it...

Rhynchophis boulengeri

Rhynchophis boulengeri

Rhynchophis boulengeri,Gonyosoma boulengeri,Rhinoceros rat snake, Cone-nosed snake,

Features:There is an upward protrusion at the front of the snout.

The sharp-beaked snake, whose Latin name is Rhynchophis boulengeri, is a small snake of the family Colubridae.The sharp-beaked snake is a tree-dwelling non-venomous snake. Like other tree-dwelling snakes such as the green snake, it lives in trees all year round and feeds on some lizards, insects, an...

Elaphe perlacea

Elaphe perlacea

Elaphe perlacea,Euprepiophis perlacea,Elegant female snake, horizontal striped jade snake, horizontal striped jade snake

Features:It is gentle and non-venomous, and is known as the most beautiful non-venomous snake.

The Latin name of the Elaphe perlacea is Elaphe perlacea, which is a specialty animal in western Sichuan, China.The Elaphe perlacea mainly preys on lizards and rodents. It is oviparous and non-toxic.In 1929, American scholar Stejneger.L first discovered this snake in Ya'an, Sichuan, China, captu...

Elaphe davidi

Elaphe davidi

Elaphe davidi,Black-rimmed rat snake, flower worm

Features:The back of the body is brown, non-toxic, with three rows of dark brown oval spots with black edges in the center and on both sides of the back, like a bunch of flowers

The Latin name of the Elaphe davidi is Elaphe davidi, a reptile of the genus Elaphe in the family Colubridae.The Elaphe davidi preys on lizards, rodents and bird eggs, and is oviparous. It is violent and its head becomes triangular when it is frightened. It is often mistaken for a venomous snake. It...

Tri-rope beauty snake

Tri-rope beauty snake

Tri-rope beauty snake,White flower snake, white flower snake, three-line snake, Guang snake (ni Guang), three-line snake, three-line snake

Features:It has a violent temperament and its front body maintains an "S" shape when in an attacking state.

Tri-rope beauty snake is a non-venomous snake of the genus Elaphe in the family Colubridae.The hibernation period of the Elaphe striata is from November to March of the following year. It mainly hibernates in rat holes in fields or cemeteries to the south, either alone or in groups, and sometimes wi...

Achalinus jinggangensis

Achalinus jinggangensis

Achalinus jinggangensis

Features:It is a species endemic to China

Achalinus jinggangensis is a small snake, which is unique to my country. Most of the snakes in the family Colubridae are non-venomous snakes, and the same is true for Jinggangshan Ridge Snake.There is very little research data on Jinggangshan Ridge Snake, and the number is also scarce. Only four ind...

Python bivittatus

Python bivittatus

Python bivittatus,Python, King snake, Anaconda, Southern snake, Burmese snake, King snake, Lyre snake, Burmese python, Plum snake

Features:Likes heat and fears cold, is good at climbing, and can live in water for a long time

Python bivittatus is a large reptile of the family Python and genus Python.Pythons are good at climbing, can live in water for a long time, are sleepy, nocturnal, and omnivorous. This species likes heat and is afraid of cold. It is generally active at 25℃; very active at 30℃ or above; inactive or...

Eryx tataricus

Eryx tataricus

Eryx tataricus,Earth stick

Features:There are circular spots of the same color across the sides

The Eastern Sand Boa is a reptile of the genus Eryx tataricus in the family Python, commonly known as the Earth Stick.Compared with other species, the Eastern Sand Boa is very active and very docile - but some young individuals and male individuals in general estrus are exceptions.Sand boas have a w...

Eryx miliaris

Eryx miliaris

Eryx miliaris,Earthen stick, both ends even, red sand python

Features:The neck is not clearly distinguished, the tail is short and blunt at the end

The scientific name of the red sand python is Eryx miliaris. It is a relatively primitive small to medium non-venomous snake.The red sand python is a common species abroad, but some subpopulations are on a downward trend. The number in China is unknown. Many taxonomists regard the red sand python an...

Xenopeltis unicolor Reinwardt

Xenopeltis unicolor Reinwardt

Xenopeltis unicolor Reinwardt,Sun snake, flaming snake

Features:The scales are lustrous and can shine with electric blue, sapphire green, blood red, purple and copper under sunlight.

The Latin name of the glitter snake is Xenopeltis unicolor Reinwardt, which belongs to the genus Xenopeltis of the family Xenopeltis.The glitter snake has a small head and eyes, and its scales are shiny. Under sunlight, it can shine with electric blue, emerald green, blood red, purple red and copper...

Cylindrophis ruffus

Cylindrophis ruffus

Cylindrophis ruffus,Red-tailed pipe snake,Red-tailed pipe snake, two-headed snake

Features:Small head, flat back and abdomen; brown body, with 40 pairs of white horizontal stripes on the sides

Cylindrophis ruffus is a species of snake in the family Shieldtail Snake.The red-tailed tube snake is a genuine burrowing snake. It usually stays in the soft soil of the rice field park and only appears on the ground when hunting. The function of this flat tail is only to imitate the flat head and n...

Typhlopslazelli

Typhlopslazelli

Typhlopslazelli,Indotyphlops lazelli,Rasmus's blind snake

Features:Small snakes, shaped like earthworms, with a small head and short tail, cylindrical in shape, and the same thickness from head to tail

Hong Kong blind snake (scientific name: Typhlops lazelli) is a reptile of the genus Typhlops in the family Typhlopidae, also known as Lazelli's blind snake, and is endemic to Hong Kong.This species is named after James D. Lazell to honor his contribution to the study of reptile communities in su...