Indian rhinoceros (greater one‑horned rhino, Rhinoceros unicornis) ranges across floodplains of India and Nepal. After a dramatic 20th‑century decline, strong protection and habitat management have driven a sustained recovery, yet the species remains listed as Vulnerable (VU).
Ecology
Primarily a grazer of tall alluvial grasses, also browsing on shoots, fruits and aquatic plants. Adults wallow in mud and water to cool and deter parasites; most are solitary and mark ranges with dung and scent.
Size & Reproduction
Males commonly 2,500–3,000+ kg, shoulder height 1.7–1.9 m; females smaller. Females breed at ~6–8 years; gestation 15–16 months; single calf; inter‑calving interval 3–4 years.
Threats & Conservation
Poaching pressure requiring intensive intelligence‑led enforcement.
Floodplain succession, invasive plants and human encroachment reducing grassland quality.
Small, isolated herds vulnerable to floods and disease.
Key strongholds include Kaziranga, Pobitora, Orang, Manas (India) and Chitwan, Bardia (Nepal).
