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Climbing birds

A relatively detailed introduction to climbing birds (usually referring to birds with climbing or clinging abilities and zygodactyl or heterodactyl feet), including its traditional concept, modern classification research, and order, family, and genus tables of representative groups. It should be noted in advance that "climbing birds" are often regarded as a collection based on morphology and ecological habits in traditional bird classification, rather than a strict monophyletic group. With the development of molecular systematics, many birds that were previously classified as "climbing birds" are scattered in multiple orders in modern classification systems. Climbing birds are one of the six major ecological groups of birds, covering the traditional bird classification system of Psittaciformes, Cuculiformes, Apomorpha, Mynaeformes, Trogons, Nighthawks, Pseudocranopterygiiformes, and Pipiriformes. Climbing birds include secondary ecological groups such as nighthawks, parrots, cuckoos, swifts, emeralds, kingfishers, woodpeckers, and pseudo-woodpeckers.

I. Introduction to Climbing Birds

  1. Traditional Definition of Climbing Birds

    • Foot Structure: Many “climbing birds” exhibit zygodactyl feet (toes II and III pointing forward, toes I and IV pointing backward), enabling them to cling to vertical or inclined surfaces. Some (e.g., trogons) have heterodactyl feet (toes III and IV forward, toes I and II backward), serving a similar climbing function.

    • Climbing / Wood-pecking Habits: Many rely on arboreal foraging or specialized feeding on or within trees. Woodpeckers climb trunks to chisel for insects; parrots often use their feet and curved beaks to grip branches and aid in climbing.

    • Global Distribution and Diversity: Climbing birds inhabit tropical, subtropical, and temperate forests worldwide—e.g., toucans in South America, mousebirds in Africa, parrots in Oceania, Asia, and Africa, etc.

    • Not a Single Lineage: Early morphological/ecological groupings classified all zygodactyl or tree-climbing birds together, but molecular research has demonstrated these species belong to distinct evolutionary lineages.

  2. Key Adaptations and Behaviors

    • Adapted Feet: Zygodactyl or heterodactyl feet facilitate vertical or angled perching; some (e.g., woodpeckers) have stiff tail feathers to support their body against tree trunks.

    • Bill Diversity: Parrots possess powerful, curved bills to crack seeds and assist climbing; woodpeckers have chisel-like bills; toucans have large bills for reaching fruit in the canopy.

    • Nesting and Reproduction: Many species nest in tree holes (excavated or natural cavities). Parrots, for instance, may also utilize cliff holes, ground burrows, or even human-made structures.


II. Historical Evolution and Classification Shifts

  1. Traditional (Older) Classifications

    • In early morphology-based taxonomy, many birds with zygodactyl feet or climbing habits (e.g., parrots, woodpeckers, trogons, mousebirds) were grouped into a “picarian” or “climbing bird” assembly (variously called “Picinae,” “Piciformes” in a broad sense, or “Scansores”).

    • Like other ecological-morphological groupings (e.g., “wading birds,” “waterfowl”), this approach did not accurately reflect true phylogenetic relationships.

  2. Discoveries Through Modern Molecular Systematics

    • Genetic evidence shows that parrots (Psittaciformes) are more closely related to the clade that includes swifts and nightjars than they are to woodpeckers; woodpeckers and their allies (Piciformes) are relatively closer to passerines (songbirds) on a different branch; trogons, mousebirds, and rollers each have their own separate evolutionary paths.

    • As a result, current classifications no longer place all zygodactyl birds in a single “climbing bird” order but rather distribute them among distinct orders—though from an ecological perspective, they can still be introduced collectively as “climbing birds.”

  3. Representative Evolutionary Branches (Brief)

    • Psittaciformes (Parrots): Includes parrots, macaws, lories, etc.; large, curved bills, high intelligence, found in South/Central America, Oceania, Africa, parts of Asia.

    • Piciformes (Woodpeckers & Allies): Includes woodpeckers, barbets, toucans, honeyguides, etc., mostly in tropical/subtropical regions, known for varied beak shapes and foraging strategies.

    • Trogoniformes (Trogons): Heterodactyl feet, typically in tropical/subtropical forests worldwide, known for vivid plumage.

    • Coliiformes (Mousebirds): Restricted to sub-Saharan Africa, small, crested birds with unique climbing posture and long tails.

    • Some families in Coraciiformes (like hornbills) or Musophagiformes (like turacos) also exhibit partial climbing adaptations but are usually classified independently according to molecular data.


III. Major “Climbing Bird” Groups and Classification Table

Below is a modern systematic breakdown of the main orders considered “climbing birds” (in the traditional, ecological sense), highlighting notable families and representative genera. This grouping does not denote a single lineage, but rather a shared adaptation for climbing.

1. Order Psittaciformes (Parrots)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesDistribution & Notes
Psittacidae (True Parrots)Amazona (Amazon parrots), Ara (Macaws), Cacatua (Cockatoos), etc.Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao), Blue-fronted Amazon (Amazona aestiva), etc.Predominantly found in South & Central America, also some in Oceania. Large, curved bills, strong climbing ability, high intelligence. Popular as pets.
Loriidae (Lories, Lorikeets)Trichoglossus (Rainbow Lorikeets), etc.Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus moluccanus), etc.Found mainly in Australia and New Guinea, specialized brush-tipped tongues for feeding on nectar and pollen.
Psittaculidae (Old World Parrots)* sometimes merged into above familiesPsittacula (Ringneck Parakeets), Agapornis (Lovebirds), etc.Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri), Black-masked Lovebird (Agapornis personatus), etc.Native to Africa, Asia, Oceania; many are well-known as aviary or pet birds.

Note: The exact family structure can differ by source, often distinguished as “New World parrots” vs. “Old World parrots,” etc.


2. Order Piciformes (Woodpeckers & Allies)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesDistribution & Notes
Picidae (Woodpeckers)Dendrocopos (Pied Woodpeckers), Picus (Green Woodpeckers), etc.Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major), European Green Woodpecker (Picus viridis)Zygodactyl feet + stiff tail feathers aid vertical climbing. Mostly insectivorous, globally distributed except Antarctica.
Indicatoridae (Honeyguides)* sometimes merged or considered separate from barbetsIndicator, Prodotiscus, etc.Greater Honeyguide (Indicator indicator), etc.Mostly in Africa/Asia; known for guiding mammals or humans to wild bee nests, feeding on wax, larvae, honey.
Ramphastidae / Lybiidae / Megalaimidae (Toucans, Barbets, etc.)Ramphastos (Toucans), Capito (New World barbets), Psilopogon (Asian barbets), etc.Keel-billed Toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus), various barbet species (Psilopogon incognitus), etc.Primarily tropical. Large or specialized bills (e.g., toucans); feed on fruit, insects in the forest canopy.

Note: Classification within Piciformes can be intricate, with multiple families or subfamilies for barbets, toucans, honeyguides, etc.


3. Order Trogoniformes (Trogons)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesDistribution & Notes
Trogonidae (Trogons)Trogon, Pharomachrus (Quetzals), etc.Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno), various Trogon speciesHeterodactyl feet (toes III & IV forward, I & II backward); tropical/subtropical distribution; bright, iridescent plumage. Some (like quetzals) are culturally significant.

4. Order Coliiformes (Mousebirds)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesDistribution & Notes
Coliidae (Mousebirds)Colius, UrocoliusWhite-backed Mousebird (Colius colius) etc.Endemic to sub-Saharan Africa, small birds with serrated bills, strong-grip feet, and long tails. Known for clinging upside-down to branches.

5. Other Groups with Climbing Adaptations

  • Coraciiformes (Rollers, Kingfishers, Hornbills): Some hornbills (Family Bucerotidae) show partial zygodactyly, but are generally placed in their own evolutionary branch, not traditionally among “climbing birds.”

  • Musophagiformes (Turacos): Some can climb adeptly in trees, though their foot structure differs from typical zygodactyl forms; molecular data place them in a separate lineage.


IV. Summary

  1. Multiple Evolutionary Origins

    • “Climbing birds” were historically lumped together due to zygodactyl or climbing-friendly foot structures, but modern research reveals they belong to separate orders (Psittaciformes, Piciformes, Trogoniformes, Coliiformes, etc.).

    • This showcases multiple, independent adaptations to arboreal niches and vertical surfaces across avian evolution (convergent evolution).

  2. Ecological Functions and Human Interactions

    • Many climbing birds play crucial ecological roles: for example, woodpeckers control insect pests, while parrots and toucans disperse seeds.

    • Humans keep parrots as pets, utilize woodpeckers for natural pest control, and have also threatened forest habitats through deforestation. Many species (e.g., rare parrots or quetzals) are endangered due to habitat loss and illegal trade.

  3. Conservation and Research Outlook

    • Because many climbing birds depend on tropical or specialized forest habitats, they are vulnerable to logging, fragmentation, and poaching. Numerous parrot, toucan, and trogon species are listed under threatened categories.

    • Ongoing molecular and behavioral studies continue to refine our understanding of their evolutionary relationships, informing more targeted conservation approaches.


By presenting these orders and families, can illustrate how “climbing birds,” though ecologically similar in foot structure and behavior, are distributed across multiple lineages in modern avian systematics. For more in-depth data on identification, distribution, and conservation, refer to specialized ornithological literature, field guides, and the latest phylogenetic research. We hope this provides a clear, in-depth look at the fascinating world of climbing birds.

Waterfowl Wading birds Climbing birds Landfowl Bird of prey Songbird
Apus apus

Apus apus

Apus apus,Common Swift,European Swift,Swift,Martinet noir

Features:The white throat and chest are separated by a dark brown band

The Common swallow (Apus apus) has two subspecies: common Swift, European Swift, Swift, and Martinet noir. The common louver was one of the many species described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He introduced the binomial name "Hirund...

Apus alexandri

Apus alexandri

Apus alexandri,Alexander's Swift

Features:

Its scientific name is Apus alexandri, its foreign name is Alexander' s Swift, whose behavior is unknown.Protect wild animals and eliminate wild meat.Maintaining ecological balance is everyone's responsibility!...

Apus affinis

Apus affinis

Apus affinis,Little Swift,House Swift,Martinet des maisons

Features:The tail looks round when fully unfolded

The small Swift (Apus affinis) has six subspecies: Little Swift, House Swift, Martinet des maisons.Small swift populations in the far western Palaearctic region and southern Africa are partially or entirely migratory, but populations in the tropics are resident birds. The young swifts that live in T...

Aerodramus maximus

Aerodramus maximus

Aerodramus maximus

Features:

The Greater Swiftlet (Aerodramus maximus) is a species of animal in the genus Swiftlet.Large swiftlets can fly around dark caves like bats by echolocation. Its "sonar" is audible to the human ear and consists of "clicks" at a frequency of 1,500 to 5,500 Hertz, about six times per...

Lyncornis macrotis

Lyncornis macrotis

Eurostopodus macrotis,Great Eared Nightjar,Lyncornis macrotis

Features:The Hairy-legged Nightjar is the largest species of Chinese nightjar and the only one with ear tufts.

The hairy-legged nightjar is a medium-sized bird of the family Viperidae and the genus Viperidae. It often moves alone or in pairs. It is the largest species of nightjar in China and the only one with ear feather tufts. It is nocturnal and often crouches on the grass in the forest or lies on the dar...

Batrachostomus hodgsoni

Batrachostomus hodgsoni

Hodgson's Frogmouth,Batrachostomus hodgsoni

Features:The whole body feathers are covered with black-brown, brown and white moth-like markings.

The black-capped frogmouth is a small bird. It is similar in shape to a nighthawk. It often moves alone or in pairs. It is nocturnal and hides in dense forests during the day, lying or standing on horizontal branches along the trunks of large trees. Because its body color is similar to that of branc...

Apus nipalensis

Apus nipalensis

Apus nipalensis,Little Swift

Features:The back and tail are dark brown with a slight bluish green sheen. The tail is flat and slightly concave in the middle.

The small white-rumped swift lives and moves in groups. Sometimes it also flies in the air with house swallows. It flies fast, often with a period of rapid flapping wings followed by a period of gliding, and the two are often performed alternately. It will make a relatively sharp call in the evening...

Apus acuticauda

Apus acuticauda

Apus acuticauda,Dark-backed Swift

Features:Very similar to the White-rumped Swift, but with a darker throat and no white spots on the waist.

Dark-backed swift, Latin name Apus acuticauda, is distributed in the Indian subcontinent and southwest China (including India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and southeastern Tibet, China, etc.), Indochina Peninsula and southeastern coastal areas of China (including...

Apus pacificus

Apus pacificus

Apus pacificus,Fork-tailed Swift

Features:The waist is white with fine dark brown feather shaft patterns.

White-rumped swifts are summer migratory birds. They migrate here in spring from April to May. They migrate away in autumn from September to October. Some of them stay in Hong Kong and Taiwan.White-rumped swifts like to fly in groups, often flying back and forth in groups over their habitats. In the...

Apodidae

Apodidae

Apodidae,House swift, common swift

Features:

Apodidae (scientific name) is commonly known as swifts. In animal taxonomy, it is a family in the order Apodidae of the class Aves. Swifts are the fastest flying birds, often preying on insects in the air, with long wings and weak legs. Swifts are widely distributed. Some species breed in high latit...

Tachymarptis melba

Tachymarptis melba

Tachymarptis melba

Features:Characteristically, the white throat and chest are separated by a dark brown horizontal band.

The Alpine Swift is a species of swift. Swifts are air-dwelling birds that often fly in groups for long periods of time, preying on insects in the air. They are similar to the common house swallows, but belong to a different order in evolution. They rarely live in trees, but rest on cliffs and build...

Asian Palm-swift

Asian Palm-swift

Asian Palm-swift,Cypsiurus balasiensis

Features:The body is dark brown and the tail is deeply forked.

Palm Swifts use the crowns of palm trees and their drooping dead leaves and palm mantle as their nests and resting places. The nests are close to the leaves of palm trees. They can be found up to 1,500 meters above sea level. They often fly in groups over open fields. They fly higher in clear weathe...

Hirundapus giganteus

Hirundapus giganteus

Hirundapus giganteus,Brown-backed Spinetail

Features:The white part from the flank to the tail forms a V shape

Brown-backed needle-tailed swift, Latin name: Hirundapus giganteus, is a large and strong needle-tailed swift of the genus Hirundapus in the family Apodidae. There is one record in Hong Kong, China. Abroad, it is found in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Andaman Island, Philippines, and Southeast Asia....

White-throated Needletail

White-throated Needletail

White-throated Needletail,Hirundapus caudacutus

Features:The top of the head to the back of the neck is dark brown, and the chin and throat are white

The White-throated Needle-tailed Swift is a bird of the genus Apodidae. It lives in high-altitude cold forests with many cliffs. It flies quickly over forests and ridges in groups. It is found in mixed groups with other swifts such as the White-rumped Swift abroad, and sometimes flies low over the w...

Germain's Swiftlet

Germain's Swiftlet

Germain's Swiftlet

Features:Similar to the black swiftlet. Its wings are long and blunt.

The Gouldian Swiftlet belongs to the Swiftidae family. The population is rare. The nominate subspecies breeds in Kalimantan Island, Indonesia, Sulawesi Island, Malaysian Borneo, Hoi An, Vietnam, and Dazhou Island in the southeast of Hainan Island. There are more than 200 nests in three caves at most...

Aerodramus brevirostris

Aerodramus brevirostris

Aerodramus brevirostris,Himalayan Swiftlet

Features:The upper body is smoky gray, and the wings are very long, protruding clearly from the tail tip when folded.

The short-billed swiftlet is a small bird that often flies in groups over its habitat to hunt during the day. When flying, it often makes a "di-di-di-di" sound, singing while flying. The sound is monotonous and rapid, and it seems to be more chaotic. It mainly feeds on various moths and fl...

swift

swift

swift,Guanyin swallow, swallow, clumsy swallow, house swallow, wild swallow, brown swift, European swift

Features:The fastest long-distance flyer on Earth

The fastest animal on earth that can fly long distances is the Spine-tailed Swift. The Spine-tailed Swift is the champion of long-distance flight, with a normal flying speed of 170 kilometers per hour; the fastest speed can reach 352.5 kilometers per hour, or 100 meters per second. The Spine-tailed...

Psittinus cyanurus

Psittinus cyanurus

Psittinus cyanurus,Blue-rumped Parrot

Features:The body is mainly green, with bright red feathers in the underwing coverts, slightly reddish shoulders, and yellow edges on the wing coverts.

Blue-rumped Parrot, also known as Blue-rumped Parrot, is a small parrot and the only species in the genus Psittinus.Blue-rumped Parrots sometimes have a flock of up to 20 birds. They eat seeds, fruits and flowers.The Red List of Endangered Species of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) is near threa...

Great slaty woodpecker

Great slaty woodpecker

Great slaty woodpecker,Mulleripicus pulverulentus

Features:Slate grey throughout, yellow throat skin

Great Slaty Woodpecker is a large gray woodpecker with two subspecies.Great Slaty Woodpecker is a resident bird, often in small groups of 4 to 6. They live mostly in trees, often moving from one tree to another. They fly clumsily, flapping their wings vigorously, often making loud noises. They also...

Picus rabieri

Picus rabieri

Picus rabieri,Red-collared woodpecker

Features:The top of the head, nape, collar and whiskers are all red, and the body feathers are mainly green

Red-collared Woodpecker, no subspecies.Red-necked Woodpecker is a resident bird, mainly inhabiting low mountain evergreen broad-leaved forests and forest margins, and also appears in bamboo forests and secondary forests. Often active alone. They move and forage mostly on trees and on the ground. The...

Picus chlorolophus

Picus chlorolophus

Picus chlorolophus,Lesser yellownape

Features:The forehead and eyebrows are bright red, the top of the head and ear feathers are olive green, and the nape has a bright yellow crest, which is very eye-catching.

The Yellow-crowned Woodpecker, also known as the Lesser Yellownape, is a small bird with three subspecies.The Yellow-crowned Woodpecker is a jungle bird, mostly found in forests with higher terrain, and less common in plains. It often moves alone or in pairs, and is sometimes seen flying with other...