Home>>All Animals>>Fish

Fish: different types, definitions, photos, etc.

Fish are the oldest vertebrates, with a wide variety of species. There are about 32,100 named fish species distributed in various waters on the earth, of which there are about 2,500 species in China. Most of them live in seawater, with more than 1,500 marine fish and about 800 freshwater fish. In the past, fish were usually divided into two major categories, cartilaginous fish and bony fish, based on the similarities and differences in the properties of their bones. Characteristics: Aquatic animals (living in water). Skin covered with scales, belonging to cold-blooded animals. Cold-blooded animals with fins (can swim in water) and breathing with gills. Fertilization is external, mainly oviparous, some are viviparous and ovoviviparous.


Fish are a type of aquatic animals under the phylum Vertebrata, which mainly breathe through gills and use fins as the main organ of movement. Fish are the oldest and most diverse group of vertebrates on Earth, widely distributed in environments such as oceans, freshwater lakes and rivers.

  • Scientific name: Pisces (fish is no longer a strict scientific classification, but is used to describe fish in the phylum Vertebrata)

  • Main characteristics:

    1. Aquatic life: Fish live entirely in water.

    2. Gill breathing: Fish absorb oxygen from the water through their gills.

    3. Scale coverage: Most fish are covered with scales for protection.

    4. Function of fins: Use fins for swimming, balance and direction control.

    5. Poikilotherms: Fish body temperature changes with the external environment.

  • Ecological role:

    • Fish are in a key position in the food chain, both as predators and food sources.

    • Help maintain ecological balance, such as controlling algae populations and cleaning waters.

  • Evolutionary history:

    • Fish originated in the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago.

    • It was the first animal to have jaws and vertebrae, laying the foundation for the evolution of other vertebrates.


Fish classification table

Fish can be divided into three major categories based on anatomical and physiological characteristics: cartilaginous fish (such as sharks), bony fish (such as carp) and jawless fish (such as lampreys). The following is a detailed list of fish classification:

Classification levelOrderFamilyGenusExamples
Cartilaginous fishElasmobranchiiCarcharhinidaeCarcharhinusWhite Shark, Blue Shark


PristidaePristisSawfish


RajidaeRajaYellow Spotted Skate
Jawless FishCyclostomataPetromyzontidaePetromyzonLamprey


MyxinidaeMyxineHagfish
Bony fishesCypriniformesCyprinidaeCyprinidae (Cyprinus)Carp, grass carp


SiluridaeSilurusCatfish

PerciformesPercidaePercaPerch, largemouth bass


MoronidaeMoroneSeabass

AnguilliformesAnguillidaeAnguillaEuropean eel, Japanese eel

OsteoglossiformesOsteoglossidaeOsteoglossumDragon fish

ScombriformesScombridaeThunnusTuna, bluefin tuna

ClupeiformesClupeidaeClupeaSardines, herrings

CharaciformesCharacidaeAstyanaxPiranha, Astyanax

Main evolutionary history of fish

1. Origin

Fish are one of the oldest groups of vertebrates on Earth, and the earliest fish fossils can be traced back to the Cambrian period. Jawless fish (such as lampreys and hagfish) are the most primitive fish, followed by cartilaginous fish (such as sharks) and bony fish.

2. Cartilaginous fishes

Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) include sharks, rays, etc. Their skeletons are made of cartilage rather than hard bones. These fish play an important role as predators in marine ecosystems.

3. Bony fishes

Bony fishes (Osteichthyes) are the most diverse group of fishes, with a hard bone structure. They have adapted to a variety of water environments, including freshwater and saltwater.

4. Jawless fishes

Jawless fishes are the earliest fishes, and representative species include lampreys and hagfishes. They have no jaws and rely on suction or parasitism for survival.


Ecological role of fish

  1. Important position in the food chain:

    • Predators: such as sharks maintain ecological balance.

    • Food source: such as small fish are food for many aquatic animals.

  2. Environmental health indicators:

    • The number and diversity of fish reflect the ecological health of water bodies.

  3. Resource Utilization:

    • As a source of protein for humans and a target for commercial fishing.


Conservation Status of Fish

  1. Overfishing: Many economic fish are facing the threat of extinction due to overfishing.

  2. Habitat Loss: Pollution and water development have caused serious damage to fish habitats.

  3. Climate Change: Temperature changes and acidified oceans are affecting the distribution and reproduction of fish.

  4. Conservation measures:

    • Establish aquatic conservation areas.

    • Implement sustainable fishing policies.

    • Protect endangered fish populations, such as sturgeons and eels.

Marine fishs Freshwater fish Cypriniformes Siluriformes
Hippocampus histrix

Hippocampus histrix

Hippocampus histrix,Thorny Seahorse,Seahorse

Features:The body spines and head spines are sharp and particularly developed

Thorny Seahorse (scientific name: Hippocampus histrix) is a member of the Syngnathidae family and the genus Hippocampus. It is a warm-water fish that lives in coastal waters. It inhabits low-tide areas with clear water and lush algae in coastal bays.The spiny seahorse wraps its curled tail around Zo...

Short-snouted Seahorse

Short-snouted Seahorse

Short-snouted Seahorse,Hippocampus hippocampus

Features:Usually brown, orange, purple or black, with a narrow crown and low spines

European seahorse, also known as Short-snouted Seahorse, is a member of the Syngnathidae family and the genus Hippocampus.Most European seahorses live in algae in shallow coastal waters. They can spend the winter in deeper waters. They mainly feed on small prey and organic debris. Their mimicry allo...

Hippocampus reidi

Hippocampus reidi

Hippocampus reidi,Long-snout Seahorse、Slender Seahorse、Slender seahorse,Blunt seahorse, long snout seahorse

Features:The snout seahorse is one of the most widely kept seahorse species in public aquariums and one of the most popular seahorses in the international aquarium trade.

Long-snout Seahorse (scientific name: Hippocampus reidi), also known as Long-snout Seahorse, Slender Seahorse, Slender seahorse, is a fish of the Syngnathidae family and the genus Hippocampus.Long-snout Seahorse (scientific name: Hippocampus reidi), also known as Long-snout Seahorse, Slender Seahors...

Denise's Pygmy Seahorse

Denise's Pygmy Seahorse

Denise's Pygmy Seahorse,Hippocampus denise

Features:The body is pure orange or orange, with a short beak and a tail of prehensile length.

Denise's Pygmy Seahorse, also known as Denise's Pygmy Seahorse in English, is a fish of the Syngnathidae family and the genus Hippocampus.The Dennis pygmy seahorse was discovered in Indonesia by Sara Lourie, a graduate student at McGill University in Montreal, Canada, and co-authored with Dr...

High-crowned Seahorse

High-crowned Seahorse

High-crowned Seahorse

Features:The crowned seahorse has a unique body shape, swimming posture and reproduction, and is an ornamental fish.

High-crowned Seahorse is an animal of the Syngnathidae family and the genus Hippocampus.The scientific name of the crowned seahorse, "Hippocampus coronatus", was often used as a synonym for the flower seahorse (Hippocampus sindonis) in the past. However, morphometric and genetic studies ha...

Hippocampus comes

Hippocampus comes

Hippocampus comes,Tiger tail seahorse

Features:Only one partner in life

Tiger tail seahorse, Latin name Hippocampus comes, foreign name Tiger tail seahorse, is one of the species of Syngnathidae in the order Acanthopterygii of the class Actinopterygii.Tiger tail seahorses usually appear in pairs, are carnivorous, feed on small crustaceans, are nocturnal, and can be used...

Hippocampus bargibanti

Hippocampus bargibanti

Hippocampus bargibanti,Bargibant's Seahorse、Gorgonian Seahorse、Pygmy Seahorse,Pygmy seahorse, Bartholin's seahorse

Features:Has excellent camouflage ability

Bargibant's Seahorse (scientific name: Hippocampus bargibanti), also known as Bargibant's Seahorse, Gorgonian Seahorse, Pygmy Seahorse in foreign languages, is an animal of the Syngnathidae family and the genus Hippocampus.Georges Bargibant, who works at an aquarium in New Riolidonia, Oceani...

Hippocampus trimaculatus

Hippocampus trimaculatus

Hippocampus trimaculatus,Three-spot Seahorse、Flat-faced Seahorse、Longnose Seahorse,Three-spotted seahorse

Features:Laterally flattened, with a protruding abdomen, a seven-sided trunk, and a four-sided tail.

The spotted seahorse (scientific name: Hippocampus trimaculatus), also known as Three-spot Seahorse, Flat-faced Seahorse, Longnose Seahorse, is an animal of the Syngnathidae family and the genus Hippocampus.The spotted seahorse has strong reproductive capacity and grows rapidly. It lives in shallow...

Hippocampus abdominalis

Hippocampus abdominalis

Hippocampus abdominalis

Features:With a round belly, it is the largest of all known seahorses.

The Latin name of the big-bellied seahorse is c (Lesson, 1827), also known as the puffy-bellied seahorse, which is one of the species of the genus Hippocampus in the order Acanthopterygii of the class Actinopterygii and the family Syngnathidae. It is the largest of all known seahorses.The big-bellie...

Thymallus yaluensis

Thymallus yaluensis

Thymallus yaluensis, speckled trout

Features:There is a large red or yellow spot on the center of the body and the caudal peduncle, and 85 to 96 scales on the lateral line.

Yalu River grayling, whose Latin name is Thymallus yaluensis, is the most common grayling on the market. It has taken advantage of a loophole in the list, but it also belongs to a gray area.The Yalu River fennel and the Heilongjiang fennel have certain differences in morphology (maxilla and gill rak...

Thymallus arcticus grubei

Thymallus arcticus grubei

Thymallus arcticus grubei,Amur grayling, spotted trout, redfish, sea urchins, etc.

Features:The dorsal fin is long and tall in the shape of a flag. The back and sides of the body are purple-gray, with many small dark brown spots scattered on the sides of the body.

The Latin name of Heilongjiang grayling is Thymallus arcticus grubei, and its foreign name is Amur grayling. In the Heilongjiang and Yalu River systems, Heilongjiang grayling is the main target of local fishing.Heilongjiang grayling is a cold-water fish, but unlike other cold-water fish, they live i...

Arctic grayling

Arctic grayling

Thymallus arcticus

Features:The dorsal fin is tall, with a rounded, sail-shaped upper edge and up to 17-25 rays.

Arctic grayling (scientific name: Thymallus arcticus): is an animal of the family Thymallus and genus Thymallus.Arctic grayling may move tens of kilometers seasonally or annually between spawning, feeding, and sheltering habitats. Some Arctic grayling are known to travel more than 160 kilometers in...

Stenodus leucichthys nelma

Stenodus leucichthys nelma

Stenodus leucichthys nelma,Whitefish, Whitefish

Features:Similar to salmon, but with underdeveloped teeth, a small mouth, large round scales, dark grey back and white belly.

Stenodus leucichthys nelma belongs to the genus Stenodus of the family Salmonidae in the order Salmoniformes. In my country, it is mainly distributed in the waters below Burqin in the Irtysh River in Xinjiang. In the 1960s, it was the main target of fishing in the Irtysh River.In the lower reaches o...

Oncorhynchus masou

Oncorhynchus masou

Oncorhynchus masou,Montso salmon,Chimon salmon, etc.

Features:It is a precious economic fish with delicate and delicious meat, and is deeply loved by the people.

Masu salmon, whose Latin name is Oncorhynchus masou, is the southernmost migratory species of the genus Oncorhynchus in my country, with a southern limit of 35 degrees north latitude. It has a high adaptability to temperature and is one of the inland domestication targets.The Masu salmon is a migrat...

Salvelinus malma

Salvelinus malma

Salvelinus malma,Hanazato Yoshiko

Features:Can go without food for almost a year

Salvelinus malma is a fish of the genus Salmonidae, with a body color ranging from brown to gray. The malma trout has a wide diet, mainly benthic animals (mainly mollusks) and insects that fall into the water, and sometimes even jumps out of the water to prey.There are two types of char: landlocked...

Hucho taimen

Hucho taimen

Hucho taimen,Zheluo fish, Taimen salmon, Zheluo green fish (Northeast China), big red fish (Xinjiang)

Features:It is one of the most ferocious freshwater fish.

Taimen (scientific name: Hucho taimen) is a cold-water carnivorous freshwater fish of the family Salmonidae and the genus Hucho.Taimen spends most of its time in fast-flowing streams, hibernates in deeper waters such as major rivers and lakes in winter, and migrates to streams in spring to spawn. Ta...

Hucho bleekeri

Hucho bleekeri

Hucho bleekeri,Sichuan Taimen, Bailey Taimen, Tiger Fish, Catfish

Features:It is the only surviving Taimen salmon on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

The Latin name of Sichuan-Shaanxi Taimen is Hucho bleekeri. It is the southernmost (29-33°N) species among the five Taimen species in the world.Sichuan-Shaanxi Tailer is a cold-water fish that likes to live in deep river bays and flowing water environments, with gravel or sandy bottoms and mountain...

Brachymystax lenok(Pallas

Brachymystax lenok(Pallas

Brachymystax lenok(Pallas,Qinling Slimy Salmon

Features:It is a remnant species that migrated from the north to the south during the Ice Age.

Brachymystax lenok (Pallas,) is a relic species that migrated from the north to the south during the Ice Age and is a cold-water foothill fish.Brachymystax lenok feeds actively all year round. It mainly feeds on invertebrates, small fish, etc., and also preys on frogs and small rodents. It is extrem...

Bagarius yarrelli

Bagarius yarrelli

Bagarius yarrelli,Eagle tank, tank duckbill, eagle duckbill, papaya fish

Features:One of the most powerful fish in the order Siluriformes

The Latin name of the giant yarrelli is Bagarius yarrelli, which belongs to the order Siluriformes, family Scyphidae, and the genus Scyphus.The food is mainly small fish. It is slow-moving and greedy, and can be caught with a dragnet or sinking hook. Individuals are large, weighing more than 50kg. T...

Bagarius rutilus

Bagarius rutilus

Bagarius rutilus

Features:The name comes from the orange color of its pectoral fins, which resembles a giant bream in appearance.

The name of the red mullet comes from the orange color on its pectoral fins, not because it is produced in the Red River.The red mullet is ferocious and predatory. It mainly feeds on small fish, frogs and shrimps. It breeds around May to June.The biggest difference between the red catfish and the gi...

Bagarius bagarius

Bagarius bagarius

Bagarius bagarius,Yellow croaker, yellow croaker

Features:The head and front of the body are particularly thick and flat, with the dorsal margin at the starting point of the dorsal fin being the highest point of the body and gradually decreasing in depth. The caudal peduncle is round and the ventral surface is flat.

The Latin name of the fish is Bagarius bagarius, which is one of the species of the genus Bagarius in the family Siluridae of the order Siluriformes of the class Actinopterygii. It is commonly known as the melon fish.The fish is a carnivorous fish, fierce and predatory. It feeds on mollusks and smal...