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Invertebrates: different types, definitions, photos, and more

Invertebrates are the most diverse and widespread group of animals on Earth, accounting for the vast majority of species in the animal kingdom. Invertebrates do not have a backbone, and their body structures vary greatly from simple to complex, adapting to a variety of ecological environments.

  • Scientific name: Invertebrata (not a strict scientific classification, only describing animals with invertebrate characteristics)

  • Main characteristics:

    1. Spineless: lack of backbone

    2. Various sizes: From microscopic microorganisms to giant squids, the size range is huge.

    3. Diversity: There are many species, including insects, mollusks, annelids, etc.

    4. Diverse reproduction methods: Includes asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.

    5. Dominance: Plays an important role in terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystems.

  • Ecological role:

    • Decomposer: Promotes nutrient cycling.

    • Food chain base: Provides food for many vertebrates.

    • Pollinator: Insect pollination maintains plant ecosystems.

  • Evolutionary history:

    • Originated from the Cambrian explosion (about 540 million years ago).

    • They are the earliest group of animals to evolve and form the cornerstone of modern ecosystems.


Invertebrate classification table

Invertebrates are divided into several phyla. The following are the main invertebrate phyla and their representative categories.

Classification levelPhylumClassGenusExamples
PhylumPoriferaCalcareaSpongiaLime sponge, glass sponge
CnidariaScyphozoaAureliaJellyfish, anemone


AnthozoaCoralliumRed coral, staghorn coral
PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthesTurbellariaPlanariaTurbellaria


TrematodaSchistosomaSchistosoma


CestodaTaeniaPork tapeworm
NematodaSecernenteaCaenorhabditisNematodesRoundworms
AnnelidaAnnelidaPolychaetaNereisNereis


HirudineaHirudoLeech, leech


OligochaetaLumbricusEarthworm
MolluscaMolluscaGastropod (Gastropoda)HelixSnails, snails


BivalviaMytilusMussels, clams


CephalopodaSepiaSquid, octopus
ArthropodaArthropodaInsectaFormicaAnts, butterflies


ArachnidaAraneusSpiders, scorpions


CrustaceaCancerCrabs, shrimps
EchinodermataEchinodermata (Echinodermata)AsteroideaAsteriasStarfish


EchinoideaEchinusSea urchin

Main characteristics and adaptations of invertebrates

1. Body structure

  • Spineless: lack of vertebrae, body structure ranges from simple to complex.

  • Diversity: diverse morphology, ranging from single cells to complex multicellular structures.

2. Respiration and circulation

  • Gas exchange: gas exchange through the body surface or gills.

  • Circulatory system: from none to closed circulatory system (such as annelids)

3. Reproduction method

  • Asexual reproduction: through division or budding (such as sponges).

  • Sexual reproduction: through fertilized eggs.

4. Environmental adaptation

  • Found in the ocean, fresh water and land, it is an important component of the ecosystem.


Evolutionary History of Invertebrates

  1. Cambrian Explosion:

    • Invertebrates originated in the Cambrian period (about 540 million years ago) and diversified rapidly during the Cambrian Explosion.

    • Fossils representing early invertebrates include trilobites and brachiopods.

  2. Ocean Domination:

    • During the Paleozoic Era, invertebrates dominated the oceans, including corals and echinoderms.

  3. Land Invasion:

    • Arthropods (such as insects and arachnids) were the first invertebrates to adapt to life on land.


Ecological roles of invertebrates

  1. Decomposers:

    • Annelids (such as earthworms) decompose organic matter and improve soil.

  2. Food chain base:

    • Insects and plankton are food sources for many vertebrates.

  3. Pollination and seed dispersal:

    • Insects such as bees are important agents of plant pollination.


Invertebrates in the world

1. Marine invertebrates

  • Representative species: Coral (Corallium), Starfish (Asterias), Anemone (Aurelia).

  • Distribution: Mainly distributed in tropical and temperate waters.

2. Terrestrial invertebrates

  • Representative species: Ants (Formica), snails (Helix).

  • Distribution: Adapted to various terrestrial ecological environments.

3. Freshwater invertebrates

  • Representative species: Leech (Hirudo), mussel (Mytilus).

  • Distribution: Distributed in lakes, rivers and wetlands.


Conservation status of invertebrates

  1. Environmental pollution:

    • Chemical pollution and plastic waste seriously affect marine invertebrates.

  2. Climate change:

    • Rising temperatures and ocean acidification pose a threat to coral reefs and marine life.

  3. Overfishing:

    • Commercial fishing puts pressure on invertebrate populations such as shrimp and crabs.

  4. Protection measures:

    • Establish marine protected areas.

    • Study the contribution of invertebrates to the ecosystem.

Invertebrates refer to lower animal groups that do not have backbones. They are the primitive form of animals. Their species account for 95% of the total number of animal species. Distributed all over the world, there are about 1 million species in existence. Including protozoa, echinoderms, mollusks, flatworms, annelids, coelenterates, arthropods, nematodes, etc.

Protozoa Echinodermata Mollusca Flatworm Annelida Coelenterata Arthropoda Nematomorpha Brachiopoda Hemichordata
Nautilus

Nautilus

Nautiloidea,Nautilidae

Features:It is the only existing cephalopod with a complete shell and is also one of the famous marine molluscs.

Nautilus refers to a family classification under the order Nautilus in the class Cephalopoda. The common features of nautilus are its large number of tentacles, long lifespan, and the use of pinhole imaging eyes. It is the only existing cephalopod with a complete shell. , is also one of the famous marine molluscs. At present, the population of nautilus is relatively rare. Although it is not extinct, its living environment requires special water pressure, making it difficult to breed artificially...

Balanus

Balanus

Balanus,Touch, horse teeth, oyster soup

Features:Shaped a bit like a horse's tooth, it is the nightmare of whales and turtles

There are more than 500 species of barnacles (scientific name: Balanus), and about 110 species are found in my country. Barnacles have strong adaptability to the salinity and temperature of seawater and are widely distributed in different waters along the coast of my country. They can attach to any...

Blatta orientalis

Blatta orientalis

Blatta orientalis,Oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis

Features:The largest cockroach in the world

The Oriental cockroach (scientific name: Blatta orientalis) is the largest cockroach in the world.Oriental cockroaches are extremely greedy, and they like to eat all kinds of food, whether dirty, smelly, or fragrant, or human sputum and feces. They often vomit part of the food they have eaten from t...

Blattella germanica

Blattella germanica

Blattella germanica,German cockroach, German cockroach, Blattella germanica

Features:It is the most widely distributed and most difficult to control type of household pests in the world.

German cockroach (Blattella germanica) is the most widely distributed and most difficult to control type of household pests in the world.German cockroach originated in Africa with high temperature and high humidity, and still prefers to live in a relatively warm and humid environment. Nymphs have th...

Periplaneta americana

Periplaneta americana

Periplaneta americana,Red cockroach, ship cockroach, cockroach

Features:Reddish brown, wings longer than the end of the abdomen, good at crawling, poor flying ability, a global health pest

The American cockroach is scientifically named Periplaneta americana, and is the largest insect in the Blattidae family.The American cockroach is an omnivorous insect that feeds on a wide range of food. It is not very selective about food, but it has some food that it prefers. The amount of food eat...

Pseudocarcinus gigas

Pseudocarcinus gigas

Pseudocarcinus gigas,King crab, heavy false back crab, Australian king crab, Australian giant crab

Features:It is the heaviest crab in existence, with a huge and imposing claw.

The giant shore crab is also commonly known as the emperor crab, and should not be confused with the king crab.The giant shore crab is a predator of many organisms, especially bivalves, polychaetes, and small crustaceans. They are mainly nocturnal, but they are active during the day depending on the...

Achatina fulica

Achatina fulica

Achatina fulica,Brown cloud agate snail, Chinese white jade snail

Features:It is named because its head, neck, abdomen, feet and body muscles are white like jade.

The scientific name of the white jade snail is Achatina fulica, also known as the brown cloud agate snail, which is a subspecies of the African giant snail.White Jade Snail lives on field crops, forest trees and humid environments. It is sensitive to light stimulation. Its visibility in weak light i...

Danaus plexippus

Danaus plexippus

Danaus plexippus,Great Birch Butterfly, Monarch Butterfly, Monarch Butterfly, Black-veined Birch Butterfly, Monarch Butterfly

Features:Known as the most beautiful butterfly in the world, it is the only migratory butterfly on earth.

The Monarch Butterfly (scientific name: Danaus plexippus) is a large butterfly that is very common in North America. In Australia, this butterfly is called the Wanderer Bufferfly, which is also a very common butterfly. There are 2 subspecies.The Monarch Butterfly is probably the most well-known butt...

Latrodectus

Latrodectus

Latrodectus,black widow,Spider

Features:It is extremely toxic, and the whole body is poisonous, including the legs, abdomen, ovaries, etc. People who inhale it are very likely to be poisoned

The scientific name of the black widow spider is Latrodectus, and its foreign name is black widow. Because the female of this spider bites the male partner to death immediately after mating, the people call it "black widow".Black widow spiders usually live in temperate or tropical re...

Lingula

Lingula

Lingula

Features:The tongue-shaped shell is a genus with a long history of existence among the organisms discovered in the world and is a famous "living fossil".

The oldest organism on earth is Lingula. Lingula, commonly known as sea bean sprouts, is the genus with the longest survival history among the organisms discovered in the world. It is a famous "living fossil" and lives in temperate and tropical waters. It is an arthropod with a shell tongu...

Teinopalpus aureus

Teinopalpus aureus

Teinopalpus aureus

Features:The golden-spotted swallowtail butterfly has a graceful flying posture, like a gorgeous, noble and radiant "lady", so it is called the "Queen of Butterflies" and is a precious butterfly species in the world.

As a unique treasure of China, the Golden Swallowtail is known as the "national butterfly" and the "pride of butterflies". It is precious and rare. It is the only butterfly in China that is under national first-class protection. It ranks first among the eight precious butterflies...

Morpho Helena

Morpho Helena

Morpho Helena,Blue morpho Helena butterfly,Helena Morpho, Goddess of Light, Helena Morpho, Blue Danube

Features:Known as the most beautiful butterfly in the world

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Hymenopus coronatus

Hymenopus coronatus

Hymenopus coronatus,Orchid Mantis

Features:Nature's Master of Mimicry

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Australian box jellyfish

Australian box jellyfish

Australian box jellyfish,Sea Wasp

Features:The transparent killer in the ocean

The Australian box jellyfish, whose Latin name is Australian box jellyfish, has caused countless injuries or deaths to humans in the world and is considered the most deadly jellyfish.The Australian box jellyfish can swim at speeds exceeding 4 km/h. In hot weather, they dive into deep water and only...

Oratosquilla oratoria

Oratosquilla oratoria

Oratosquilla oratoria,Mantis shrimp, mantis shrimp, mantis shrimp, mantis shrimp

Features:It has a ferocious temperament and can attack with great force, even breaking glass.

The Latin name of mantis shrimp is Oratosquilla oratoria. It is found along the coast of China. The most common species is the mantis shrimp of the family Mantischidae and the genus Oratosquilla.Most mantis shrimps live in caves, often digging holes in the sandy or muddy bottom of the shallow sea, a...

Grimpoteuthis bathynectes

Grimpoteuthis bathynectes

Grimpoteuthis bathynectes,Dumbo Octopus,Gulf of Mexico ash octopus, semi-deep sea ash octopus

Features:The fins look like elephant ears

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Nemopistha sinica

Nemopistha sinica

Nemopistha sinica

Features:The hind wings are specialized, like ribbons or silk threads, and when flying they resemble the flying ladies in the Dunhuang murals.

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Galloisiana sinensis

Galloisiana sinensis

Galloisiana sinensis

Features:The female has a well-developed sword-shaped ovipositor

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Zorotypus medoensis

Zorotypus medoensis

Zorotypus medoensis

Features:The arrangement of the four hairs in the middle of the posterior part of the ventral plate of the eighth abdominal segment of the male insect is trapezoidal

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Zorotypus sinensis

Zorotypus sinensis

Zorotypus sinensis

Features:Dark brown, head nearly triangular in frontal view

Zorotypus sinensis (scientific name: Zorotypus sinensis) is an insect of the family Zorotypus and genus Zorotypus.In 1973, the insect was first discovered by Chinese biologist Professor Huang Fusheng and officially named "Zorotypus sinensis".The life history of the Chinese wingless insect...

Ophiogomphus spinicornis

Ophiogomphus spinicornis

Ophiogomphus spinicornis,Northern arrow dragonfly

Features:A good mosquito hunter

Ophiogomphus spinicornis is an insect of the family Ophiogomphidae and the genus Ophiogomphus. This species was first published by Belgian scholar Edmond de Chellies Longchamp in 1878.The adult thorny-horned dragonfly is good at flying. It not only has endurance for long-distance flights, but also h...