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Birds of prey

In the traditional or morphological sense, "birds of prey" usually refers to birds that catch or tear prey with sharp claws and beaks, such as eagles, falcons, kites, vultures, owls, etc. However, from the perspective of modern phylogenetics, these birds of prey are scattered in different orders and are not a monophyletic group. Birds of prey are one of the six major ecological groups of birds, covering all species of Falconiformes and Strigiformes in the traditional classification system of birds. Birds of prey include secondary ecological groups such as eagles, eagles, buzzards, kites, vultures, kites, ospreys, falcons, owls, and owls, all of which are predatory birds. In the ecosystem, the number of raptors is less than that of other groups, but they are at the top of the food chain and play a very important role. Another nickname is "fighter".

I. Introduction to Raptors

1. General Characteristics

  • Predatory Adaptations: Raptors typically have strong, hooked beaks and sharp talons for seizing and tearing prey.

  • Acute Vision: Most raptors possess exceptionally keen eyesight, allowing them to spot potential prey from great distances or high altitudes.

  • Flight Abilities: Many exhibit wide or pointed wings for soaring or high-speed dives; others have shorter, broad wings and long tails for agile flight in forested areas.

  • Top Predators: As apex or near-apex predators, they help control populations of small to medium-sized vertebrates (rodents, reptiles, amphibians, other birds, etc.) in their ecosystems.

2. Classification and the Non-monophyletic Issue

  • Traditional Grouping: “Birds of prey” often include “diurnal raptors” (eagles, hawks, falcons, vultures, etc.) and “nocturnal raptors” (owls).

  • Modern Systematics: Molecular data reveal that raptors are scattered across different lineages:

    • Many hawks, eagles, Old World vultures, etc. are grouped into Accipitriformes.

    • Falcons belong to Falconiformes, which is surprisingly closer to parrots (Psittaciformes) and songbirds (Passeriformes) than to hawks or eagles.

    • Owls form their own order, Strigiformes, separate from hawks and falcons.

3. Evolution and Global Spread

  • Raptors, as descendants of early Cenozoic birds, diversified especially in the Eocene and Oligocene epochs.

  • They are found worldwide in virtually every habitat—tropical rainforests, deserts, polar regions, alpine zones—each adapted to local ecological niches.

4. Ecological Role and Human Interactions

  • As apex predators or scavengers, raptors have a major influence on regulating populations of other animals.

  • Human cultures often admire and utilize raptors (e.g., falconry, ecotourism). However, conflicts arise with livestock farming, and threats such as habitat loss and poisoning have caused declines in some raptor populations.


II. Major Groups and Classification of Raptors

Traditionally, raptors are divided into:

  • Diurnal Raptors: Historically included in Falconiformes (falcons, hawks, eagles, vultures, etc.), but modern taxonomy splits them into separate orders such as Falconiformes and Accipitriformes.

  • Nocturnal Raptors: Owls (order Strigiformes).

Below is a simplified breakdown referencing modern classifications.

(A) Diurnal Raptors

1. Order Falconiformes

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesDistribution & Notes
Falconidae (Falcons, Caracaras)Falco, Caracara, etc.Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), Crested Caracara (Caracara plancus)Once grouped with hawks/eagles but now recognized as a separate lineage, surprisingly closer to parrots/songbirds. Falcons specialize in high-speed dives or agile flight; caracaras often forage on the ground or scavenge.

Note: Modern phylogenetics places Falconidae (the only extant family in Falconiformes) closer to parrots and passerines than to hawks and eagles.

2. Order Accipitriformes

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesDistribution & Notes
Accipitridae (Hawks, Eagles, Old World Vultures, Kites, Harriers)Accipiter (Goshawks, Sparrowhawks), Buteo (Buzzards/Hawks), Aquila (True Eagles), Haliaeetus (Sea Eagles), etc.Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), Rough-legged Buzzard (Buteo lagopus), Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), etc.The largest family of diurnal raptors worldwide. Includes a wide range of sizes and feeding habits, from small hawks to large eagles and Old World vultures.
Cathartidae (New World Vultures)Cathartes (Turkey Vultures), Coragyps (Black Vulture), Gymnogyps (California Condor), etc.Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura), Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus), California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus)Native to the Americas. They have unfeathered heads to reduce contamination while feeding on carrion. Taxonomic placement varies; commonly aligned with Accipitriformes but sometimes treated as a distinct lineage.
Pandionidae (Osprey)* sometimes within AccipitridaePandion (Osprey)Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)A fish specialist found near freshwater and coastal areas worldwide. Feet are adapted to gripping slippery fish.
Sagittariidae (Secretarybird)* sometimes within AccipitridaeSagittarius (Secretarybird)Secretarybird (Sagittarius serpentarius)Endemic to Africa. Long-legged terrestrial raptor that hunts snakes on foot; distinctive crest on its head.

Note: The exact placement of New World vultures (Cathartidae) is still debated. Some studies suggest they might be nearer to storks/herons, but most modern classifications group them with Accipitriformes.

3. Other Diurnal Raptor Notes

  • Old World Vultures (e.g., Griffon Vultures, Egyptian Vulture) are part of Accipitridae, unlike the New World vultures in Cathartidae.

  • The osprey family (Pandionidae) is often recognized as a separate family within Accipitriformes, though historically sometimes lumped into hawks (Accipitridae).

(B) Nocturnal Raptors (Order Strigiformes)

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesDistribution & Notes
Tytonidae (Barn Owls)Tyto (Barn Owl genus)Barn Owl (Tyto alba)Heart-shaped facial disk, widely distributed worldwide. Asymmetric ear openings help pinpoint prey by sound.
Strigidae (Typical Owls)Bubo (Eagle Owls), Strix (Wood Owls), Athene (Little Owls), Asio (Eared Owls), etc.Eurasian Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo), Long-eared Owl (Asio otus), Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus), etc.Nocturnal raptors with large forward-facing eyes and silent flight. Found in diverse habitats across the globe (except Antarctica).

Note: Owls share many predatory traits (talons, hooked beaks, specialized senses) but belong to a separate order (Strigiformes), distantly related to hawks/falcons.


III. Evolutionary Highlights

  1. Convergent Traits and Diversification

    • Multiple bird lineages independently evolved raptor-like features: strong talons, hooked beaks, and enhanced vision or hearing.

    • Genetic data confirm falcons (Falconidae) are more closely allied with parrots and passerines, while hawks and eagles (Accipitridae) form a different branch. Owls, although also “raptorial,” belong to yet another branch.

  2. Geographic Adaptation

    • Forest dwellers (e.g., Accipiter hawks, small falcons).

    • Open-country or desert species (e.g., buzzards, caracaras).

    • Mountain regions (Golden Eagle).

    • Polar regions (Snowy Owl).

    • Raptors occupy diverse habitats:

    • Different selective pressures have yielded wide variation in body size, wing shape, and hunting styles.

  3. Fossil Record

    • Raptors have been widespread since at least the Miocene, with some ancient raptor-like families appearing in the Oligocene. Fossil discoveries hint at once-abundant giant eagles or vultures in various regions.


IV. Summary

  1. Multiple Origins and Ecological Significance

    • “Raptors” do not represent a single evolutionary branch but rather an ecological group across different orders (Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, Strigiformes).

    • They generally serve as apex predators or scavengers, crucial for regulating populations of prey and cleaning carrion.

  2. Conservation Status and Challenges

    • Many raptor populations have declined due to habitat loss, pesticides (e.g., the famous DDT impact), poaching, and conflicts with farmers.

    • Conservation programs (e.g., reintroducing the California Condor, protecting Bald Eagles) have successfully bolstered some species, though others remain at risk.

  3. Cultural Importance

    • Raptors often symbolize power, freedom, or bravery—appearing in flags, crests, and mythologies around the world.

    • Falconry (the art of hunting with trained birds of prey) has been practiced for centuries and is recognized as an Intangible Cultural Heritage in some regions.


Summary Table

OrderFamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesKey Distribution & Traits
FalconiformesFalconidae (Falcons)Falco, Caracara, etc.Peregrine Falcon, Common Kestrel, Crested CaracaraHigh-speed or agile hunters; some (caracaras) scavenge. Closer genetically to parrots and songbirds than hawks.
AccipitriformesAccipitridae (Hawks/Eagles/Kites/Old World Vultures)Accipiter, Buteo, Aquila, HaliaeetusGoshawks, Buzzards, Eagles, Old World VulturesMost diverse raptor family globally, includes a wide size and dietary range.

Cathartidae (New World Vultures)Cathartes, Coragyps, GymnogypsTurkey Vulture, Black Vulture, California CondorAmericas only; specialized in scavenging carrion. Taxonomic position debated, often placed in Accipitriformes.

Pandionidae (Osprey)PandionOspreyWorldwide distribution near water; unique fish-hunting adaptations.

Sagittariidae (Secretarybird)SagittariusSecretarybirdAfrican grassland raptor hunting snakes on foot; distinctive crest.
StrigiformesStrigidae (Typical Owls)Bubo, Strix, Athene, Asio, etc.Eagle Owls, Wood Owls, Scops Owls, etc.Nocturnal raptors with powerful talons and silent flight, found globally.

Tytonidae (Barn Owls)TytoBarn Owl (Tyto alba)Heart-shaped facial disc, widespread distribution, specialized hearing for locating prey.

Through the above introduction and classification list, you can have a deeper understanding of the diverse distribution and evolution of raptors in the modern bird system, and understand their important position in the ecosystem and human culture. If you need to learn more about the morphological characteristics and conservation status of each species, you can refer to professional ornithological works, conservation agency reports, and the latest molecular systematic research results. I hope this information can provide you with a detailed classification of raptors.

Waterfowl Wading birds Climbing birds Landfowl Bird of prey Songbird
ketupa flavipes

ketupa flavipes

ketupa flavipes,Tawny Fish-owl

Features:It looks very similar to the Brown Fish Owl, but is slightly larger and has more orange-brown upper body.

Yellow-legged Fish Owl, also known as Tawny Fish-owl, is a large owl with no subspecies.Yellow-legged Fish Owl often moves alone, mainly going out to hunt in the afternoon and dusk, and sometimes also moves and hunts during the day. Especially on cloudy days, when hunting, they often perch on high b...

Ketupa zeylonensis

Ketupa zeylonensis

Ketupa zeylonensis,Brown Fish-Owl

Features:It can fly fast and powerfully without making any sound and can walk in shallow water.

Brown Fish-Owl is a large owl with 4 subspecies.Brown Fish-Owl often moves alone, and sometimes lives in pairs in dense branches and leaves in the forest, but usually keeps a certain distance. It is a semi-diurnal bird, often coming out in the afternoon. Most of them stand on tree stumps, dead branc...

Bubo blakistoni

Bubo blakistoni

Bubo blakistoni,Blakiston's Eagle-owl

Features:But the ear feathers are long and pointed, the facial disc is not obvious, and it can also make a scary posture called intimidation display.

Blakiston's Eagle-owl is a large owl with two subspecies.The Hairy-legged Eagle Owl (Bubo blakistoni) was classified as Ketupa before 2014, and was classified as Bubo in 2014.The Hairy-legged Eagle Owl is nocturnal. It hides in trees by the river or on cliffs along the river during the day. It c...

Bubo nipalensis

Bubo nipalensis

Bubo nipalensis,Spot-bellied Eagle-owl

Features:Similar in appearance to an eagle owl, but smaller in size

Spot-bellied Eagle-owl, also known as Spot-bellied Eagle-owl, is a large owl with no subspecies.The eagle owl mainly feeds on small and medium-sized vertebrates such as pheasants, hares, rodents, lizards, and snakes. It can also hunt larger animals such as peacocks, jackals, and young deer, and even...

Bubo bubo

Bubo bubo

Eurasian Eagle-owl,Eagle owl, eagle owl, horned owl, eagle owl, fish owl

Features:The second largest owl in China

The eagle owl is called Eurasian Eagle-owl in foreign language. It is a nocturnal bird of prey with 17 subspecies.Eagle owls usually stay away from people and live in remote places where few people go. They often act alone except during the breeding season. It is nocturnal and usually hides in dense...

Bubo scandiacus

Bubo scandiacus

Bubo scandiacus,Snowy Owl,Snowy Owl, White Owl, White Owl, Snow Eagle

Features:It is the provincial bird of Quebec, Canada.

Snowy Owl, also known as Snowy Owl in English, is a bird of prey with no subspecies.The snowy owl is the provincial bird of Quebec, Canada, and the image of the snowy owl is also on the 50 Canadian dollar note issued in 1986; the main pattern of the coat of arms of former Canadian Governor General J...

Otus elegan

Otus elegan

Otus elegan,Ryukyu Scops-owl,Elegant Scops-Owl,Okinawa Scops Owl, Ryukyu Scops Owl

Features:The wings have different shapes, and the fifth secondary flight feather is missing.

The elegant scops-owl, also known as the Ryukyu Scops-owl, is a nocturnal bird of prey with four subspecies.The difference between the elegant scops-owl and the collared scops-owl is that the eyes are yellow and there is no collar; the difference between the elegant scops-owl and the yellow-billed s...

Otus sunia

Otus sunia

Otus sunia,Oriental Scops-owl,Common horned owl, Eastern owl

Features:The upper body is gray-brown (sometimes brown-chestnut), with dark brown fine lines like insects

The Oriental Scops-owl is a small bird of prey with 9 subspecies.The Red Scops Owl is a resident bird. It usually moves alone except in pairs during the breeding season. Nocturnal, hiding in dense branches and leaves of trees during the day, leaning against tree trunks or in holes. Roosting alone, s...

Otus scops

Otus scops

Otus scops,Eurasian Scops-owl,Eurasian scops owl, Common scops owl, Ulabaul-Ulba, night owl, cacophonous bird

Features:The body feathers have many vertical stripes, and are divided into brown and gray types.

The Western Red Scops Owl, whose foreign name is Eurasian Scops-owl, has 5 subspecies.In 2015, following a detailed review by Flint et al., "Otus scops" was classified into Western red scops (Otus scops) and Cyprus scops (Otus cyprius) based on significant vocal differences and slight feat...

Otus brucei

Otus brucei

Otus brucei,Pallid Scops Owl

Features:The ear feathers and facial disc are more obvious

Pallid Scops Owl is a small osprey with 4 subspecies.Pallid Scops Owl usually moves alone or in pairs. It is nocturnal and moves mostly at dusk and night. It mainly feeds on insects, and also eats small rodents and birds. The call is monotonous, a two-syllable sound, often repeated for a long time....

Otus semitorques

Otus semitorques

Otus semitorques,Japanese Scops-owl

Features:The body has dark brown fine worm-like feathers

The Japanese Scops-owl is called Japanese Scops-owl in English and has three subspecies.The Northern Scops Owl was once a subspecies of "Otus bakkamoena semitorques" (Japanese subspecies of Scops Owl), and was classified as an independent species in 2014.The Northern Scops Owl is a residen...

Otus lettia

Otus lettia

Otus lettia,Collared Scops Owl

Features:The facial disc is dark yellow with some dark concentric spots

Collared Scops Owl, also known as Collared Scops Owl, is a small bird with 5 subspecies.Collared Scops Owl is a nocturnal animal and is rarely seen during the day. During the day, it perches on dense branches, standing still and motionless.The scops owl makes a single, soft call, "buuo", w...

Otus spilocephalus

Otus spilocephalus

Otus spilocephalus,Mountain Scops-owl

Features:There are no obvious vertical or horizontal stripes, only a row of large triangular white spots on the shoulders.

The Yellow-billed Scops Owl is a small bird with 8 subspecies.The Yellow-billed Scops Owl is a resident bird. It is nocturnal and mainly active at night and dusk. It hides in dark leaves or caves during the day. Mostly live alone or in pairs. They mainly feed on rodents, lizards, large insects and i...

Buteo refectus

Buteo refectus

Buteo refectus,Himalayan Buzzard,Buteo buteo burmanicus Hume, 1875,Buteo japonicus refectus Portenko, 1935,Buteo refectus Portenko, 1935,Buteo buteo refectus Portenko, 1935

Features:The position of the nostrils is parallel to the mouth.

Himalayan Buzzard, also known as Himalayan Buzzard in English, is a medium-sized bird of prey with no subspecies.The scientific name of the Himalayan buzzard is (Buteo refectus), which was once included in the Eurasian buzzard (Buteo buteo). In 2014, it was separated from the Eurasian buzzard and be...

Buteo japonicus

Buteo japonicus

Buteo japonicus,Eastern Buzzard,Japanese buzzard, East Asian buzzard

Features:Once a subspecies of the Eurasian buzzard (Buteo buteo), it was classified as a separate species in 2014.

Common buzzard is a medium-sized bird of prey with three subspecies.Common buzzards are lighter and have fewer feathers on their tibia than Eurasian buzzards. The body feathers are noticeably redder and the head is usually whiter. The white feathers on the chest have black stripes, and the abdomen a...

Buteo hemilasius

Buteo hemilasius

Buteo hemilasius,Upland Buzzard,Leopard, egret leopard

Features:Brownish-yellow wings with white spots on the underside when flying

The Upland Buzzard is a large bird of prey with no subspecies.The Upland Buzzard is mainly a resident bird, and some are migratory. In spring, most of them arrive at the breeding grounds in late March or early April, and in autumn, most of them leave the breeding grounds in late October to mid-Novem...

Buteo lagopus

Buteo lagopus

Buteo lagopus,Rough-legged Buzzard, Snow Leopard, Hairy-footed Buzzard

Features:It is named for its thick feathers covering its toes. It is a rare winter and migratory bird.

Rough-legged Buzzard is a medium-sized bird of prey with 4 subspecies.Rough-legged Buzzard is a migratory bird. It is mostly solitary, flying over open fields and farmland, and hovering more often than ordinary buzzards. It is similar to a large harrier when flying. It is active mainly during the da...

Butastur indicus

Butastur indicus

Butastur indicus,Grey-faced Buzzard,Gray-faced hawk, Gray-faced hawk, Gray-faced buzzard

Features:They are bold and have a loud voice.

Grey-faced Buzzard is a medium-sized bird of prey with no subspecies.Grey-faced Buzzard often acts alone and only forms groups during migration. During the day, it hovers over the forest, flies at low altitude, or soars in circles. Sometimes it also perches on the tops of dead trees in swamps and is...

Butastur liventer

Butastur liventer

Butastur liventer,Rufous-winged Buzzard Eagle

Features:Not very fierce temperament

Rufous-winged Buzzard Eagle, foreign name Rufous-winged Buzzard Eagle, no subspecies.Rufous-winged Buzzard Eagle often stands on treetop dead branches or on telephone poles. It is solitary and acts alone. It flies briskly and moves agilely. When flying, the two wings are constantly flapping, sometim...

Butastur teesa

Butastur teesa

Butastur teesa,White-eyed Buzzard,

Features:The eyes are white and very eye-catching, hence the name

White-eyed Buzzard is a medium-sized bird of prey with no subspecies.White-eyed Buzzards are mostly solitary, alert, and have sharp vision. Sometimes they also move on the ground. When flying, it usually stays close to the ground, rarely soaring or gliding, and even if it soars, the time is very sho...

Icthyophaga humilis

Icthyophaga humilis

Icthyophaga humilis,Lesser Fish-eagle,Small fish sculpture,Haliaeetus humilis (Müller & Schlegel, 1841),Pigarguillo Menor,Falco humilis Muller & Schlegel, 1841,Ichthyophaga humilis (Müller &am

Features:The soles of the feet are covered with spicules that are as rough as sandpaper

Lesser Fish-eagle, also known as the Lesser Fish-eagle, is a large bird of prey with no subspecies.The Lesser Fish-eagle is an occasional winter migratory bird in China. It likes to stay on big trees or rocks. Its "ah, ah" cry is very loud. It feeds almost entirely on fish, and only occasi...