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Reptiles: Different Types, Definition, Photos, and More

Reptiles (Reptilia) are a large group of vertebrates that mainly cover their bodies with dry scales or shields and are mainly adapted to terrestrial environments, but some also live in water. They have an important position in the history of evolution and are the first vertebrates to fully adapt to terrestrial life.

  • Scientific name: Reptilia

  • Main features:

    1. Body covered with scales: Epidermal scales or shields prevent water loss

    2. Oviparous: Most reptiles reproduce by laying eggs, which have tough shells.

    3. Poikilotherms: Body temperature changes with ambient temperature.

    4. Pulmonary respiration: Reptiles rely on lungs for respiration.

    5. Diverse limb structures: Some reptiles (such as snakes) have degenerated and have no limbs.

  • Ecological role:

    • Predator: Control the number of pests and small animals.

    • Food source: Provide energy for birds of prey, mammals, etc.

  • Evolutionary history:

    • Originated in the Carboniferous period about 310 million years ago.

    • It is an animal that evolved from amphibians and is fully adapted to terrestrial life.

    • Reptiles are the ancestors of dinosaurs and birds.


Classification of reptiles

Reptiles are traditionally divided into four major orders: Lepidosauria (snakes and lizards), Testudinata (turtles), Crocodilia (crocodiles), and Rhynchocephalus (representatives of ancient reptiles).

Classification levelOrderFamilyGenusExamples
LepidosaursSquamataLacertidaeLacertaGreen lizard, sand lizard


VaranidaeVaranusKomodo dragon


ViperidaeViperaCommon viper


ElapidaeNajaCobra, Black Mamba


BoaPython


CrotalinaeCrotalusRattlesnake
TestudinataTestudinata (Testudines)TestudinidaeTestudoSulcata tortoise, Indian star tortoise


CheloniidaeCheloniaGreen turtle, hawksbill turtle


Mud turtle family (Kinosternidae)Mud turtle genus (Kinosternon)Mud turtle


TrionychidaePelodiscusChinese softshell turtle
CrocodyliaCrocodile (Crocodylidae)Crocodile (Crocodylus)Nile crocodile, saltwater crocodileNile crocodile, saltwater crocodile


AlligatoridaeAlligator (Alligator)American alligator, Chinese alligator


GavialidaeGavialisGharials
RhynchocephaliaRhynchocephaliaSphenodontidaeSphenodonSphenodon (endemic to Oceania)

Main characteristics and adaptations of reptiles

1. Body structure

  • Scales and shields: Prevent water evaporation and adapt to dry environments.

  • Evolution of limbs: Most have limbs, while snakes have degenerated into limbless ones.

  • Skeletal system: Reptiles have strong bones, which are particularly suitable for life on land.

2. Respiratory system

  • Pulmonary breathing: Reptiles rely entirely on lungs for gas exchange, which is more efficient than amphibians.

3. Reproduction

  • Oviparous: Most reptiles lay eggs with tough shells.

  • A few are viviparous: Some snakes, for example, can give birth to their young directly.

4. Poikilothermia

The body temperature of reptiles changes with the external environment, so they live in warm areas.



History of Reptile Evolution

  1. Early Reptiles:

    • Reptiles originated in the Carboniferous period, and the earliest reptiles were called "Anaplasti".

    • They evolved from amphibians and developed more efficient waterproof skin and respiratory systems.

  2. Age of Dinosaurs:

    • Reptiles reached their peak in the Mesozoic Era (about 200 million years ago), including dinosaurs, pterosaurs, etc.

    • Dinosaurs were the most successful group of reptiles, and their descendants evolved into modern birds.

  3. Modern Reptiles:

    • Existing reptiles are survivors of the extinction of dinosaurs, including crocodiles, snakes, lizards, and turtles.


Ecological Roles of Reptiles

  1. Predators and Food Chain Control:

    • Large reptiles such as crocodiles are top predators.

    • Lizards and snakes control the number of pests and maintain ecological balance.

  2. Seed Dispersers:

    • Some lizards eat fruits and spread seeds, which helps vegetation reproduce.

  3. Environmental Health Indicators:

    • Reptiles are very sensitive to habitat changes, and their numbers can reflect the health of the ecological environment.


Reptiles in the World

1. Lepidosauria (Snakes and Lizards)

  • Includes the largest variety of reptiles, such as pythons, rattlesnakes, geckos and monitor lizards.

  • Widely distributed throughout the world, from tropical rainforests to deserts.

2. Testudinata (Turtles)

  • Turtles are widely distributed in terrestrial and aquatic environments, including sea turtles, land tortoises and freshwater turtles.

  • Representative species: green turtles, sulcata tortoises.

3. Crocodiles (Crocodile)

  • Includes large aquatic reptiles such as the NidaliaCrocodiles and American alligators.

  • Crocodiles live in tropical wetlands and rivers.

4. Rhynchocephalus

  • There is only one species left: the Rhynchocephalus, which is distributed in New Zealand.

  • Known as a "living fossil", it is a species left over from the dinosaur era.


Reptile conservation status

  1. Habitat destruction:

    • Deforestation and wetland destruction seriously threaten the survival of reptiles.

  2. Climate change:

    • Affects the incubation temperature and sex ratio of eggs.

  3. Illegal trade:

    • Turtles and snakes are often illegally caught due to their high economic value.

  4. Protection measures:

    • Establish nature reserves.

    • Strengthen international cooperation to protect endangered species.


Conclusion

Reptiles are among the oldest and most adaptable animals on Earth, and their diversity tells a remarkable story of evolution. From rattlesnakes in the desert to turtles in the deep sea, reptiles have adapted to a variety of extreme environments.

Testudines Squamata Crocodilia Lizardia
Dibamus bogadeki

Dibamus bogadeki

Dibamus bogadeki,Bowman's Diplodocus,Bogadek's burrowing lizard

Features:It was discovered and named by amateur amphibian and herpetologist Father Bo Jiatian in 1987.

Bogadek's burrowing lizard is a reptile unique to Hong Kong.In 2012, the Hong Kong SAR government included the islands of Dawn Island and Shek Kwu Chau, where the species was discovered in 2011, in the government's reclamation research plan and incinerator plan. Some environmental groups bel...

Scincella huanrenensis

Scincella huanrenensis

Scincella huanrenensis,,Huanren dwarfskinkGolden Horse Snake

Features:The body is small and slender, and the scales are smooth and without edges.

Huanren dwarfskink is called Huanren dwarfskink in foreign language, and has no subspecies.Huanren dwarfskink mainly feeds on mosquitoes, flies, spiders, earthworms, insect larvae and moths. Individuals in artificial breeding also eat mealworm larvae, but their preference for them is slightly lower....

Varanus salvator

Varanus salvator

Varanus salvator,Common Water Monitor,Five-clawed golden dragon, monitor lizard, four-legged snake, scale insect, big four-legged snake

Features:Aggressive and ferocious. Good at swimming and climbing trees.

Common Water Monitor, with 5 subspecies.Unlike other animals, Common Water Monitor is active both day and night, but it goes out most frequently in the early morning and evening, swimming in the water or climbing up trees to find food. The round-nosed monitor has a wide range of diets, from fish, fr...

Varanus bengalensis,

Varanus bengalensis,

Varanus bengalensis,Bengal Monitor Lizard,Common Indian monitor lizard, Bengal monitor lizard

Features:It has strong survival ability and mainly lives on the ground, but can also climb trees.

Bengal Monitor Lizard, also known as Bengal Monitor Lizard, has 3 subspecies.Bengal Monitor Lizard mainly lives on the ground and also climbs trees. Males are more active than females (males: 4.5 hours/day, females: 2.85 hours/day). The male has an activity range of 53,000m2 and the female has an ac...

Dopasia

Dopasia

Dopasia,Hart's glass lizard,Golden snake, Venus ground eel, broken snake, snake lizard, earth dragon

Features:The cloaca emits a special odor

The English name of the brittle lizard is Hart's glass lizard, and there is no subspecies.In mid-to-late October, when the temperature drops to around 13℃, the brittle lizards gradually enter hibernation. When the temperature drops below 8℃, they enter deep sleep. Females and young lizards hib...

Ophisaurus hainanensis

Ophisaurus hainanensis

Ophisaurus hainanensis,Hainan glass lizard

Features:The ear holes are extremely small and needle-like

Foreign name Hainan glass lizard, a species endemic to China. Listed in the "National List of Terrestrial Wildlife with Important Economic and Scientific Research Values Protected by the State" issued by the State Forestry Administration of China on August 1, 2000.Listed in the 2013 Red Li...

Ophisaurus gracilis

Ophisaurus gracilis

Ophisaurus gracilis,Ground eel, tin snake, thin snake lizard, Yunnan snake lizard

Features:A limbless lizard that resembles a snake

Burmeseglass snake (Daniel) is a lizard without limbs and looks like a snake. The significant differences in appearance from snakes include: the abdominal scales are not wide and short scales, but have multiple rows of scales similar to the dorsal scales.The brittle snake lizard often goes out to fo...

Physignathus cocincinus

Physignathus cocincinus

Physignathus cocincinus,Long rock agama,Water Dragon

Features:Good at swimming and tree climbing

Long rock agama, no subspecies.Long rock agama lives on bamboo branches near rivers and ditches with trees and rocks, in the forest or on sandy land. They are good at climbing trees, and live mostly on the trunks of old and large trees, in the cool grass near water, between trees, and in the cracks...

Phrynocephalus mystaceus

Phrynocephalus mystaceus

Phrynocephalus mystaceus,Toad-headed Agama

Features:The largest species of lizard

The big-eared sand lizard is called Toad-headed Agama in English, and there are 2 subspecies.The big-eared sand lizard runs very fast, and when it encounters danger, it quickly burrows into the sand dunes and disappears. When being chased, it often keeps its body swaying close to the ground, digging...

Phrynocephalus guinanensis

Phrynocephalus guinanensis

Phrynocephalus guinanensis,Guinan Toad-headed Lizard

Features:Often lie down at the entrance of the cave to bask in the sun at noon

Guinan Toad-headed Lizard is an ovoviviparous lizard.Guinan Toad-headed Lizard lives in caves, usually on the slopes of hardened gravel, sand dunes and earth ridges, and some are under gravel. The cross-section of the cave entrance and tunnel is half-moon-shaped, and the size varies with the size of...

Leiolepis reevesi

Leiolepis reevesi

Leiolepis reevesi,Reeves' butterflylizard,Mountain horse, salon, Polon

Features:They live in groups, one lizard per cave

The foreign name of the wax lizard is Reeves' butterflylizard, and there is no subspecies.The species name of the waxy lizard is reevesii, named after the naturalist and collector John Reeves (1774-1856), who sent specimens of the waxy lizard back to England. Reeves was employed by the East Indi...

Diploderma makii

Diploderma makii

Diploderma makii,Makijapalure,Mu's climbing lizard

Features:Tail length about twice as long as head and body

The Xitou dragon lizard is called Makijapalure in foreign language, and has no subspecies.The Xitou dragon lizard is a tree-dwelling creature, diurnal, often active in the open space at the edge of the forest during the day, and often on the leaves facing the light in the bushes. It is highly territ...

Diploderma batangense

Diploderma batangense

Diploderma batangense,Jpalura batangensis,Batang climbing lizard, fast-walking lizard

Features:Ability to run quickly and change direction quickly,It lives on the rocks on the hillsides at an altitude of 2500 to 3400 meters. It is active during the day and feeds mainly on small spiders and insects.

The foreign name of the Batang dragon lizard is Jpalura batangensis. It mainly chooses to overwinter in places such as rock crevices and dead branches and leaves.The Batang dragon lizard feeds on insects and some rodents, and occasionally poultry. Its teeth are sharp and have three cusps. Herbivores...

Goniurosaurus zhoui

Goniurosaurus zhoui

Goniurosauruszhoui,Zhou’s Leopard Gecko

Features:This is the third species of the genus Gecko found in Hainan.

Zhou’s Leopard Gecko is the third species of gecko found in Hainan. It is also the first species of gecko found independently by a Chinese on Hainan Island. The discoverer is Zhou Runbang of the Hainan Provincial Forestry Department.Zhou’s Leopard Gecko was found in the central part of Hainan Isla...

Goniurosaurus luii

Goniurosaurus luii

Goniurosaurus luii

Features:It is a beautifully colored reptile.

Pingxiang eyelid gecko was discovered in 1999 and is native to Guangxi.Pingxiang eyelid gecko is a nocturnal animal. It hides in the cracks of rocks during the day. When the sun sets, it comes out to move around, wandering among the rocks, and preying on insects and other small invertebrates.The pop...

Goniurosaurus kwangsiensis

Goniurosaurus kwangsiensis

Goniurosaurus kwangsiensis,aekezrin(噁呃碄),

Features:A new species of gecko discovered in recent years

Guangxi eyelid gecko, scientific name Goniurosaurus kwangsiensis, is a newly discovered eyelid gecko in China in recent years.In June 2015, Kadoorie Conservation China published a new species of Guangxi eyelid gecko in the international animal taxonomy journal "ZOOTAXA". Since this is a ne...

Goniurosaurus bawanglingensis

Goniurosaurus bawanglingensis

Goniurosaurus bawanglingensis,Bawangling Leopard Gecko,Chinese Tiger Gecko,

Features:It is a species unique to Hainan, China.

Bawangling Leopard Gecko is a species unique to Hainan.At around 9 p.m. on July 5, 2001, specimen collectors were waiting for nocturnal animals in the jungle of Bawangling. The flashlight illuminated a 10-centimeter-long gecko (Gecko), which was very different from the geckos they had seen in the pa...

Goniurosaurus yingdeensis

Goniurosaurus yingdeensis

Goniurosaurus yingdeensis,Yingde Leopard Gecko,Eyelid gecko,Goniurosaurus yingdeensis WANG, YANG & CUI

Features:Endemic to China

Yingde Leopard Gecko is a species endemic to my country.In the stone-covered karst jungle of Yingde City, Guangdong Province, a small gecko-like reptile attracts many reptile enthusiasts and researchers because of its bright surface. This is the "colorful version of the gecko", but in fact...

Teratoscincus roborowskii

Teratoscincus roborowskii

Teratoscincus roborowskii,Chinese wonder gecko,Frog-eyed Gecko

Features:It was originally a subspecies of the Ili Sand Tiger, but was later separated

The foreign name of Turpan sand tiger is Chinese wonder gecko, and it has no subspecies.The feeding habits of Turpan sand tigers were studied using feces analysis. The results show that: from April to May, Turpan sand tigers feed on animal food, mainly small arthropods; from June to September, they...

Teratoscincus scincus

Teratoscincus scincus

Teratoscincus scincus,Common Wonder Gecko,Frog-eyed gecko, large (small) species of fine-scale frog eyes, Kashiwa sand tiger

Features:It is a typical nocturnal gecko.

Foreign name Common Wonder Gecko, no subspecies.The Ili Sand Tiger lives in the desert and desert steppe areas on the edge of the oasis. Ili sand tigers are typical nocturnal geckos. They usually do not come out to move during the day. They often hide in the burrows they dug in advance, which are ab...

Gekko gecko

Gekko gecko

Gecko,Gekko gecko,Gecko, fairy toad, dog, crab, gecko snake, giant gecko

Features:Hearing is strong, but vision is poor during the day, afraid of strong light stimulation

The foreign name of the gecko is Gecko, and there are 2 subspecies.The gecko is usually active from March to November, and hibernates deep in the cracks of rocks from December to January of the following year. It has strong hearing, but poor vision during the day. It is afraid of strong light stimul...