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Songbirds

Songbirds are one of the six major ecological groups of birds. They belong to the order Passeriformes, with a wide variety of species, including 83 families. Birds that are good at singing. They can make melodious and beautiful sounds, so they are called songbirds. Songbirds are the most evolved group of birds, able to adapt to a variety of ecological environments. They are distributed in various provinces and cities in my country, and most of them are beneficial birds. Such as thrush, starling, lark, oriole, lovebird, canary, willow warbler, great tit, house swallow, etc. The entire Passeriformes is the order with the largest and most widely distributed species among birds. More than half of the living bird species in the world belong to songbirds.

I. Introduction to Passeriformes (Songbirds)

1. Definition and Key Features

  • Highly Developed Vocal Organs: Also known as “Oscines” or “songbirds,” these birds possess a complex syrinx (voice box) capable of producing varied and elaborate songs.

  • Perching Foot Structure: They typically have three toes forward and one toe backward (anisodactyl foot arrangement), allowing them to perch on branches and other narrow surfaces.

  • Body Size and Diversity: Most passerines are relatively small (e.g., finches, warblers, swallows), though some—like ravens in the crow family—are larger. They occupy a vast array of habitats, from forests and grasslands to deserts and urban areas.

  • Global Distribution: Over 6,500 species (around 50% of all bird species) are classified as passerines, making them the most numerous and geographically widespread of all bird orders (except for extremes like the polar regions and some remote islands).

2. Vocal Ability

  • Songbirds have a specialized syrinx with multiple muscles, enabling them to produce complex and melodic vocalizations.

  • Males often sing in the breeding season to establish territory and attract mates; in some species, intricate dances or visual displays complement vocal signals.

3. Ecological Roles and Human Interactions

  • Passerines dominate many terrestrial bird communities, aiding in seed dispersal, controlling insect populations, and often serving as pollinators.

  • Many species (e.g., thrushes, orioles, larks) are prized for their songs, leading to their use as companion birds or in aviculture. Others thrive in urban or agricultural landscapes, becoming part of everyday human environments.


II. Evolution and Historical Development

  1. Origins and Radiation

    • The earliest ancestral forms of modern birds date to the late Cretaceous or early Paleogene (around 65–50 million years ago). Passerines diverged from these early lineages and rapidly diversified during the Paleogene and Neogene.

    • Through adaptive radiations, they evolved a huge range of feeding strategies, nesting habits, and ecological specializations across different continents.

  2. Old World vs. New World Groups

    • Continental drift and climatic changes throughout the Cenozoic shaped passerine evolution. Many families diversified in Asia/Africa (Old World), while others emerged in the Americas (New World).

    • Molecular phylogenetics has revealed that birds once grouped under a single family on morphological grounds may, in fact, represent distinct families that diverged long ago under geographic isolation.

  3. Suboscines vs. Oscines

    • Historically, passerines were divided into two broad categories: Suboscines (Tyranni) and Oscines (Passeri).

    • Suboscines generally have less complex syrinx musculature, producing relatively innate calls, whereas oscines (“true songbirds”) learn and refine their songs. Some classifications also highlight a small, distinct group from New Zealand (Acanthisitti).


III. Major Classification of Passeriformes

Below is a simplified version of the modern molecular classification for songbirds. Since Passeriformes include numerous families, only major or representative families are highlighted for clarity. Note that ongoing research frequently revises relationships and taxonomic boundaries.

A. Suborder Tyranni (Suboscines)

Primarily found in the Americas, with some exceptions in Africa/Asia. Their vocal apparatus is simpler; many have calls that are genetically fixed rather than learned.

FamilyRepresentative GeneraExample SpeciesDistribution & Notes
Tyrannidae (Tyrant Flycatchers)Tyrannus (Kingbirds), Empidonax, etc.Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus), etc.The largest New World suboscine family, often called “flycatchers,” feeding mainly on flying insects.
Menuridae (Lyrebirds)Menura (Lyrebirds)Superb Lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae), etc.Endemic to Australia; famous for intricate vocal mimicry. Males have ornate, lyre-shaped tail feathers.
Oxyruncidae (Sharpbill)Oxyruncus, etc.Sharpbill (Oxyruncus cristatus), etc.Rare, found in Central and South American rainforests; distinct, unusual calls.
Thamnophilidae (Typical Antbirds)Thamnophilus, Myrmotherula, etc.Barred Antshrike (Thamnophilus doliatus), etc.A diverse Neotropical group often following army ant swarms to capture insects driven out by the ants.
(Other large suboscine families, e.g., Cotingidae, Pipridae, Formicariidae, etc., are not listed individually here due to their abundance.)



B. Suborder Passeri (Oscines, “True Songbirds”)

More complex vocal apparatus, with males often learning elaborate songs. This is by far the largest group of passerines.

  1. Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls)

    • Genera: Pycnonotus, Hypsipetes, etc.

    • Examples: Light-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus sinensis), Red-whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus).

    • Primarily in Asia and Africa, known for varied vocal calls and adaptability to gardens, farmland, and forests.

  2. Phylloscopidae (Leaf Warblers)

    • Genus: Phylloscopus (typical leaf warblers)

    • Examples: Pallas’s Leaf Warbler (Phylloscopus proregulus), Arctic Warbler (Phylloscopus borealis).

    • Small, insectivorous birds with strong migratory behavior across Eurasia.

  3. Corvidae (Crows, Jays, Magpies)

    • Genera: Corvus (crows, ravens), Garrulus (Old World jays), Pica (magpies), etc.

    • Examples: Common Raven (Corvus corax), Eurasian Jay (Garrulus glandarius), Black-billed Magpie (Pica hudsonia).

    • Large, intelligent oscines, often with complex social structures; found worldwide.

  4. Laniidae (Shrikes)

    • Genus: Lanius (typical shrikes)

    • Examples: Great Grey Shrike (Lanius excubitor), Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio).

    • Notable for predatory habits, impaling prey on thorns or barbed wire for storage.

  5. Leiothrichidae / Timaliidae (Laughingthrushes, Babblers)

    • Genera: Garrulax, Leiothrix, etc.

    • Examples: Hwamei or Melodious Laughingthrush (Garrulax canorus), Red-billed Leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea).

    • Most diverse in tropical/ subtropical Asia; many have loud, varied vocalizations. Some are popular cage birds.

  6. Hirundinidae (Swallows, Martins)

    • Genera: Hirundo, Delichon, Petrochelidon, etc.

    • Examples: Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica), House Martin (Delichon urbicum).

    • Aerial insectivores with narrow wings, often nesting in colonies near human dwellings.

  7. Fringillidae (Finches) / Emberizidae (Buntings) / Icteridae (New World Blackbirds) / Thraupidae (Tanagers), etc.

    • This vast complex includes many seed-eating passerines like goldfinches, crossbills, canaries, sparrows, and more.

    • Their taxonomy is frequently revised (e.g., Old World sparrows in Passeridae, American sparrows in Passerellidae, etc.) due to ongoing molecular studies.

  8. Passeridae (Old World Sparrows)

    • Genus: Passer (typical sparrows)

    • Examples: House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus).

    • Closely associated with human settlements worldwide; feed mainly on seeds and grains.

(Additional large families not fully listed here include Sturnidae [Starlings], Muscicapidae [Old World flycatchers], Motacillidae [Wagtails & Pipits], Alaudidae [Larks], etc.)


IV. Conclusion

  1. Extensive Adaptive Radiation

    • Passerines underwent multiple waves of adaptive radiation from the early Paleogene onward, producing a vast variety of forms and lifestyles.

    • Molecular phylogenetics continues to refine our understanding of how these families relate to each other, often leading to the splitting or reassigning of traditional “large” families.

  2. Ecological Importance and Conservation

    • As the most numerous avian order, songbirds play vital roles in seed dispersal, pollination, and insect regulation. They are also the most visible birds in urban and agricultural areas.

    • Habitat loss, climate change, and pollution (e.g., pesticides) threaten certain passerine populations. Some species (e.g., certain bulbuls, larks) are experiencing declines and require targeted conservation.

  3. Close Ties with Humans

    • Many species are cherished for their songs or plumage, influencing literature, art, and the global birdwatching hobby.

    • Familiar urban dwellers like House Sparrows and Barn Swallows exemplify how human activity and avian ecology closely interact.


Reference Table: Overview of Passeriformes

SuborderFamilyRepresentative Genera (Example Species)Distribution & Characteristics
Suboscines (Tyranni)Tyrannidae (Tyrant Flycatchers)Tyrannus, Empidonax, MyiarchusNew World distribution, “flycatchers” feeding on insects in flight

Thamnophilidae (Antbirds)Thamnophilus, MyrmotherulaNeotropical forests, follow army ant swarms

Menuridae (Lyrebirds)MenuraAustralian endemics, extreme vocal mimicry, ornate male tail feathers
Oscines (Passeri)Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls)Pycnonotus, HypsipetesAsia & Africa, broad habitat tolerance, diverse calls

Corvidae (Crows, Jays, Magpies)Corvus, Garrulus, PicaWorldwide distribution, often large-bodied & intelligent

Laniidae (Shrikes)LaniusPredatory perching birds that impale prey

Leiothrichidae/Timaliidae (Babblers)Garrulax, Leiothrix, etc.Mainly tropical Asia; loud, varied songs

Hirundinidae (Swallows, Martins)Hirundo, Delichon, PetrochelidonAerial insectivores with forked tails, colonial nesters

Fringillidae/Emberizidae/etc.Fringilla, Carduelis, Passer (also see Passeridae)Seed-eating birds like finches, sparrows, canaries, buntings; global variety

Passeridae (Old World Sparrows)Passer (typical sparrows)Strong human association; feed on seeds and grains, widespread in towns & cities

Through the above classification and introduction, you can have a clearer understanding of the overall status of "songbirds" in the modern bird system, representatives of each family and evolutionary history, and understand their important value in the ecosystem and human society. If you need to further refine the detailed information of each family, genus and species, it is recommended to refer to professional ornithology, molecular phylogenetic papers and regional bird watching manuals. I hope this information can present you with a detailed "songbird" classification.

Waterfowl Wading birds Climbing birds Landfowl Bird of prey Songbird
Oriolus mellianus

Oriolus mellianus

Oriolus mellianus,Silver Oriole,Magpie oriole, magpie-colored oriole, magpie-colored oriole

Features:The head is brilliant black; the back feathers are silvery white. It can change its tone and imitate the calls of other birds.

Silver Oriole, a medium-sized songbird, is a single species with no subspecies differentiation. It was once a subspecies of the red oriole.Silver Oriole is a summer migratory bird. Arboreal, often moving alone or in pairs, sometimes seen in loose groups of 3-5. Mainly active in the canopy of tall tr...

Serilophus lunatus

Serilophus lunatus

Sliver-breasted Broadbill,Serilophus lunatus,Hainan broadbill, Silver-breasted silky broadbill

Features:It is not very afraid of people and is slow to react to gunshots. Sometimes it will not fly away even after multiple gunshots are fired to collect specimens.

Silver-breasted Broadbill, also known as Silver-breasted Broadbill, has 10 subspecies.Silver-breasted Broadbill often moves in small groups, especially groups of 10-20 or more. They often move under the canopy. It likes to stay still, is not good at jumping and singing, and its singing sound is low...

Psarisomus dalhousiae

Psarisomus dalhousiae

Psarisomus dalhousiae,Long-tailed Broadbill

Features:Not good at throat noise and jumping

The foreign name of the long-tailed broadbill is Long-tailed Broadbill, and there are 5 subspecies.Long-tailed broadbill is often seen in groups of more than ten or even twenty or thirty, foraging; they mainly feed on insects and fruits. They usually live quietly on bushes or small trees in the shad...

Pitta brachyura

Pitta brachyura

Pitta brachyura,Indian Pitta,Five-colored bird, Indian Pitta

Features:It is named after its rich and bright colors such as red, green, blue, white, black, yellow, brown, and chestnut. It is a bird with great ornamental value.

The blue-winged pitta is called Indian Pitta in foreign language, and has no subspecies.Blue-winged pitta is often seen in groups of 10-20 under the canopy, or on nearby branches. It likes lowland shrubs and secondary forests. It jumps on the ground like a thrush. It is active in the shade and wet p...

Pitta nympha

Pitta nympha

Pitta nympha,Fairy Pitta

Features:Known as the "Fairy among Birds"

Fairy Pitta, also known as Fairy Pitta, has two subspecies.Fairy Pitta is a summer migratory bird and a traveling bird. It often moves alone in the grass under the bushes, foraging while walking on the ground. It is agile, alert and timid, good at jumping, and often jumps and walks on the ground. It...

Pitta sordida

Pitta sordida

Pitta sordida,Hooded Pitta

Features:Black head, green upper body, dark wings with white markings

The green-breasted pitta is called Hooded Pitta in English, and has 12 subspecies.The green-breasted pitta is mostly seen alone, and sometimes 2~3 are seen together. It often digs up fallen leaves in wet leaf houses, frequently turning over dead branches and leaves on the ground with its feet to fin...

Pitta cyanea

Pitta cyanea

Pitta cyanea,Blue Pitta,

Features:The call is like a "pleoow-whit" sound like flowing water

Blue Pitta, also known as Blue Pitta, has three subspecies.Blue Pitta runs on the ground, foraging for food, and feeds mainly on insects such as beetles. They are resident birds and rarely fly. In the Indian subcontinent, due to the local seasonal climate, there is a phenomenon of short-term migrati...

Pitta oatesi

Pitta oatesi

Pitta oatesi,Rusty-naped Pitta,Guoba Que

Features:The call is simple and mournful, and the head is chestnut brown.

The Rusty-naped Pitta is called Rusty-naped Pitta in English, and has 4 subspecies.The Chestnut-headed Pitta does not form groups, and is seen alone or in pairs in winter or summer. The legs are long and strong, and they are good at running and jumping. They frequently use their feet to turn over th...

Pitta soror

Pitta soror

Pitta soror,Blue-rumped Pitta

Features:It is an olive and tawny pitta

Blue-rumped Pitta, also known as Blue-rumped Pitta, has 5 subspecies.Blue-rumped Pitta usually hides in bushes and grasses, and when frightened, it flies a short distance along the ground to escape. The sound is subtle. It often digs up fallen leaves in the wet ground, frequently turning over the de...

Pitta nipalensis

Pitta nipalensis

Pitta nipalensis,Blue-naped Pitta

Features:The male bird has bright blue top of head and nape. The female bird is similar to the male bird but the nape is tea yellow instead of blue.

Blue-naped Pitta, also known as Blue-naped Pitta, is a medium-sized bird of the Passeriformes family, with two subspecies.Blue-necked Pittas often move alone or in pairs, mostly on the ground under the forest or among the bushes, and are more active in the early morning and evening. They often move...

Pitta phayrei

Pitta phayrei

Pitta phayrei,Eared Pitta,Magpie Yellow Oriole

Features:The body is round and plump, with a short tail and long legs. The male bird has a black crown from the top of the head to the back of the neck.

Double-braided Pitta, with no subspecies.Double-braided Pitta forages in bamboo forests and bushes, using its powerful claws and beak to flip dead leaves on the ground to find food, feeding on insects. They often move on the ground. Because their feathers are very similar to dead leaves and they are...

Acridotheres cristatellus

Acridotheres cristatellus

Acridotheres cristatellus,Crested Myna,Black starling, thrush, cold starling, crested starling, liaogezi

Features:A popular caged bird that can imitate the calls of other birds and simple human speech.

Starlings are common in southern my country. They are not only important agricultural and forestry birds, but also popular caged birds. They can imitate the calls of other birds and simple human speech. They are widely caged in China and have been introduced to the Philippines and Canada.They like t...

Gracula religiosa

Gracula religiosa

Gracula religiosa,Common Hill Myna,, Qinjile, Jiugong bird, Hainan myna, Hainan starling, Indian grek

Features:After training, they can also imitate human language and learn to sing simple songs.

The characteristic of the myna is the orange-yellow wattles and hems on the sides of the head, which are similar for males and females. It is good at singing, with loud and clear voices, and can imitate and produce a variety of melodious tones. It often gathers in small groups of 3-5, and in winter...

Ficedula hodgsoni

Ficedula hodgsoni

Dwarf Blue Flycatcher, White-browed Ochre-breasted Flycatcher, White-browed Purple Sand Flycatcher, Flycatcher, Wheat Flycatcher

Features:A fairy flycatcher with a very small body and narrow beak.

The body of the Dwarf Blue Flycatcher is very small, about 10 cm; the beak is narrow, obviously narrower than other flycatchers. It can reach an altitude of 3,000 meters. It likes to live in the lower branches and leaves of trees in primeval forests and other places, occasionally foraging on the gro...

Myzornis pyrrhoura

Myzornis pyrrhoura

Fire-tailed Green Babbler

Features:The Fire-tailed Green Thrush has brightly colored feathers and loves to eat nectar, so it plays a certain role in the transfer of pollen.

The Fire-tailed Green Thrush is a small bird of the family Ornithogalidae and the genus Green Thrush, with a body length of 11-14 cm. The upper body is green, with black scaly spots from the top of the head to the nape, black before and behind the eyes, and yellow-green eyebrow stripes. The wings ar...

Garrulax canorus

Garrulax canorus

Hwamei,Thrush,Chinese Thrush

Features:Its singing voice is pleasant to the ears, and some people call it the "forest singer" or "bird singer".

The thrush is a medium-sized bird in the class Aves and family Thrush. Body length is about 23 cm. The upper body is olive in color, the top of the head to the upper back is tan with black vertical stripes, the eye circles are white, and a narrow stripe is formed along the upper edge and extends bac...

Hemipus picatus

Hemipus picatus

Hemipus picatus,Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike

Features:Small bird, 13-15 cm long. The upper body and sides of the head are black with a blue metallic luster. The back is dark brown and the waist is white. The wings are dark brown, and the middle coverts, the innermost large coverts and the outer edges of the inner flight feathers are all white, forming a unique white spot on the wings. The tail is black with a white end spot. The lower body is white on the chin, under the cheeks and the sides of the neck, and the rest of the lower body is light grape brown.

The brown-backed flycatcher mainly breeds in mountain forests at an altitude of 800-2100 meters, and the breeding season is from March to June. It builds nests on trees, usually at the outer end of horizontal branches in the canopy layer. The nest is made of twigs, grass leaves, g...

Urocynchramus pylzowi

Urocynchramus pylzowi

Urocynchramus pylzowi,Pink-tailed Bunting,Pink-tailed Rosefinch,Ground hemp

Features:There is a gap between the upper and lower edges of the mouth, and the upper edge of the mouth is swollen near the base

Pink-tailed Bunting is a species of the family Pinnipedae, with no subspecies.Pink-tailed Bunting is usually silent. Its call is a rapid chitri-chitri-chitri-chitri. It emits a clear, silvery bell-like call of "kvuit, kvuit" when flying or giving warning. The red bunting usually moves alon...

Garrulax bieti

Garrulax bieti

Garrulax bieti,White-speckled Laughingthrush,

Features:White spots on the body

White-speckled Laughingthrush is a species endemic to southwestern China. The habits of the White-speckled Laughingthrush are little known. Some authors classify this species as a subspecies of the Spot-backed Laughingthrush. Globally vulnerable (Collar et al1994).Listed in the first lev...