Home>>All Animals>>Mammal>>Cetacea

Cetacea

Cetacea is an order of mammals, including about 90 existing fish-like, naked-skinned aquatic mammals and their extinct early relatives, collectively known as whales or cetaceans. The larger ones are usually called whales, and the smaller ones are called dolphins. Most of them live in shallow seas, and a few live in fresh water.

I. Introduction to Cetacea

1. Defining Characteristics:

  • Cetaceans are fully aquatic mammals with streamlined, fusiform bodies.

  • Forelimbs are modified into flippers; hind limbs are absent externally.

  • They possess a thick layer of blubber for insulation, and most have a dorsal fin or ridge.

  • Breathing is through a blowhole (or pair of blowholes in baleen whales) located on top of the head.

  • Reproduction, birth, and nursing occur entirely in the water.

2. Diversity and Distribution:

  • About 90 extant species of cetaceans inhabit all the world’s oceans and some rivers.

  • They range from the enormous blue whale (the largest animal ever known) to small porpoises and dolphins.


II. Evolutionary History

1. Origins:

  • Cetaceans evolved from terrestrial ancestors during the Eocene epoch (around 50 million years ago). Early fossils like Pakicetus indicate that their ancestors were land-dwelling, wolf-sized mammals. Over millions of years, these ancestors adapted to increasingly aquatic lifestyles.

  • The discovery of transitional fossils (e.g., Ambulocetus, Rhodocetus) shows the gradual modification from land locomotion to aquatic propulsion using tail flukes and forelimbs as flippers.

2. Transition to Full Aquatic Life:

  • By the late Eocene, early cetaceans were fully aquatic. Two major lineages diverged: the baleen whales (Mysticeti) and the toothed whales (Odontoceti).

  • Molecular and morphological data confirm that cetaceans share a close common ancestor with even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla), especially hippopotamuses. This discovery led to the combined grouping known as Cetartiodactyla.

3. Adaptive Radiations:

  • Mysticetes adapted filter-feeding apparatuses (baleen plates) to exploit large amounts of small prey (krill, zooplankton).

  • Odontocetes developed echolocation abilities to navigate and hunt in often murky underwater environments, feeding on fish, squid, and sometimes marine mammals.


III. Classification Overview of Cetacea

Cetacea is traditionally divided into two suborders:

  • Suborder Mysticeti (Baleen Whales): Characterized by baleen plates instead of teeth, used to filter small prey from the water. They generally have two blowholes.

  • Suborder Odontoceti (Toothed Whales): Possess teeth (in varying numbers and shapes) and echolocation abilities. They have a single blowhole.

Below are the major families and some representative genera:

Suborder Mysticeti (Baleen Whales)

FamilyRepresentative Genera/SpeciesNotes
Balaenidae (Right and Bowhead Whales)Eubalaena (Right whales), Balaena (Bowhead whale)Large heads, long baleen plates, slow-moving filter feeders.
Balaenopteridae (Rorquals)Balaenoptera (Blue whale, Fin whale), Megaptera (Humpback whale)Streamlined, often pleated throats, gulp-feeding strategy.
Eschrichtiidae (Gray Whale)Eschrichtius (Gray whale)Bottom-feeder, short baleen, migratory along coastal routes.
Cetotheriidae (Pygmy Right Whale)Caperea (Pygmy right whale)Rare and enigmatic family; smallest baleen whale.

Suborder Odontoceti (Toothed Whales)

FamilyRepresentative Genera/SpeciesNotes
Physeteridae (Sperm Whales)Physeter (Sperm whale)Large head with spermaceti organ, deep divers feeding on squid.
Kogiidae (Pygmy Sperm Whales)Kogia (Pygmy and Dwarf sperm whales)Small, elusive whales with squid-based diet.
Ziphiidae (Beaked Whales)Ziphius (Cuvier's beaked whale), Mesoplodon (various species)Deep-diving, elusive, many species poorly known.
Monodontidae (Narwhal, Beluga)Monodon (Narwhal), Delphinapterus (Beluga)Arctic whales with unique features (tusk in narwhal, white beluga).
Phocoenidae (Porpoises)Phocoena (Harbor porpoise), Neophocaena (Finless porpoise)Small, robust, lacking a prominent beak, spade-shaped teeth.
Delphinidae (Dolphins)Tursiops (Bottlenose dolphin), Orcinus (Killer whale), Delphinus (Common dolphin)Highly diverse, social, and intelligent; largest Odontoceti family.
Iniidae (New World River Dolphins)Inia (Amazon river dolphin)Freshwater habitats in South America, long beaks, poor vision.
Pontoporiidae (La Plata Dolphin)Pontoporia (La Plata dolphin)Coastal and estuarine waters of eastern South America.
Platanistidae (South Asian River Dolphins)Platanista (Ganges and Indus river dolphins)Nearly blind, rely on echolocation in muddy river waters.

(Additional notes: The family Lipotidae, representing the Yangtze River dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer), is functionally extinct. Classification may vary slightly as some taxonomists treat river dolphins differently.)


IV. Summary

Cetaceans represent a remarkable evolutionary journey from land to water. Their extensive adaptive radiation has produced giants like the blue whale as well as highly social and intelligent dolphins and elusive deep-diving beaked whales. Modern molecular studies have situated cetaceans within the order Cetartiodactyla, reaffirming their close kinship with terrestrial ungulates such as hippos. Yet, historically and for the sake of clarity, Cetacea remains a well-recognized grouping for whales, dolphins, and porpoises, illustrating one of the most extraordinary transitions in mammalian evolution.

Carnivora Primates Rodents Chiroptera Eulipotyphla Ungulata Cetacea Lagoiformes Pholidota Proboscidea Monotremata
Balaenoptera omurai

Balaenoptera omurai

Balaenoptera omurai,Omura whale

Cetacea LC

Features:The rarest whale species on Earth

Omura's whale is a medium-sized whale that looks very similar to a fin whale, but is much smaller than a fin whale.Omura's whale was not confirmed and named until 2003. Because the type specimen was stranded on Tsukushima Island in Shimonoseki City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan, it is commonl...

Balaenoptera brydei

Balaenoptera brydei

Balaenoptera brydei,Bryde's whale,Anchovy, Pseudomonas auratus

Cetacea LC

Features:The most distinctive feature is the three parallel longitudinal ridges on the head

Bryde's whale, also known as Bryde's whale in English, has no subspecies and is the only baleen whale that lives in tropical or subtropical areas all year round.Bryde's whale is very similar to Sei whale, the main difference is that Sei whale has a ridge on each side of the central ridge...

Balaenoptera borealis

Balaenoptera borealis

Balaenoptera borealis,Sei whale, baleen whale, northern baleen whale, great baleen whale, cod whale

Cetacea LC

Features:Fast swimmers, possibly the fastest of all whales

Sei whales are called Sei whales in foreign languages and have two subspecies.The body shape of Sei whales is similar to that of fin whales, Bryde's whales and small Bryde's whales, and the shape of their dorsal fins is also similar. The main distinguishing feature is that the sei whale has...

Balaenoptera acutorostrata

Balaenoptera acutorostrata

Balaenoptera acutorostrata,Minke Whale、Common Minke Whale,Minke whale, Sharp-billed whale

Cetacea LC

Features:Mother whales are very attached to their calves, and they seem to protect their calves.

Minke Whale has two subspecies and is a small baleen whale of the genus Mysticetus.Minke Whale has 230 to 273 baleen pieces on each side. According to statistics of 38 individuals, the average is 253 pieces. The length of the entire whisker row is about 60% of the length of the skull. The whisker pl...

Balaenoptera musculus

Balaenoptera musculus

Balaenoptera musculus,Balaena musculus Linnaeus,Blue Whale, Baleine bleue,Ballena Azul,Blauwal, Razorback whale, Sulphur bottom whale, Sibud's whale, Seba's baleen whale, Great blue whale, G

Cetacea LC

Features:The largest animal in the world

The blue whale is called Blue Whale in English. There are 4 subspecies. It is not only the largest whale, but also the largest animal in existence and the largest mammal to date.The species name of the blue whale, musculus, comes from Latin, which means "strong", but can also be translated...

Eschrichtius robustus

Eschrichtius robustus

Eschrichtius robustus,gray whale,Whale killer, shell digger, weak whale

Cetacea LC

Features:The mammal species with the longest migration distance

Gray whale is also known as gray whale in English. Its body circumference is larger than that of baleen whales, but smaller than that of right whales.On the North American side of the Pacific Ocean, gray whales pass through the Bering Strait and the northwest Bering Sea from late May to late October...

Eubalaena japonica

Eubalaena japonica

Eubalaena japonica,North Pacific right whale, black right whale, black right whale

Cetacea LC

Features:The body circumference is thick, and the ratio of body circumference to body length is significantly greater than that of other types of baleen whales.

The North Pacific right whale has no subspecies.For a long time, cetaceans believed that right whales in the northern and southern hemispheres were two species: the northern right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) and the southern right whale (Eubalaena australis). Rice (1998) advocated that the genus Eub...

Tursiops aduncus

Tursiops aduncus

Southern bottlenose dolphin, Southern bottlenose dolphin, Southern dolphin, Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphin, Eastern bottlenose dolphin

Cetacea LC

Features:Bottlenose dolphins are the most common cetacean and are known for their agility.

The Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin has a short and thick beak that resembles a water bottle, hence the name "bottlenose". But this is not a real nose, its nostrils have evolved into a breathing hole on the top of the head.Dolphins are highly social animals and usually live in groups. The...

Lagenorhynchus obliquidens

Lagenorhynchus obliquidens

Pacific spotted dolphin, sickle-finned dolphin, Pacific white-sided dolphin, slow-moving dolphin, Pacific striped dolphin, white-striped dolphin, Pacific white-sided dolphin

Cetacea LC

Features:The most distinctive features of the Pacific spotted dolphin are its short, thick snout and prominent, sickle-shaped, two-color dorsal fin.

Pacific spotted dolphins are very active and expressive, creating large clouds of water. They often leap into the waves, sometimes spinning or flipping in the air, landing on their sides or bellies. They are good fast swimmers, and some individuals may swim together. They like to surf on the ocean w...

Capybara

Capybara

Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris,Paraguayan capybara, Uruguayan capybara

Cetacea LC

Features:The largest rodent in the world

水豚这种动物我们虽然不常见,但是水豚的长相很可爱,而且对人类很友好,水豚喜欢生活在比较潮湿的地方,因为它们离不开水,而它们可爱的外型也吸引了很多人的关注,特别是女生,可能就会喜欢这种小动物。水豚给人的感觉就是一副人畜无害的样子,就是“暖”,任谁见到了都想给它一个舒服的拥抱。而水豚确实是动物界中的“中...

Beluga whale

Beluga whale

Delphinapterus leucas, sea canary

Cetacea LC

Features:It looks very similar to a dolphin and is very cute. It ranked twelfth on the list of the cutest animals in the world in 2013 and is the cutest whale in the world.

As the name suggests, it is a white whale. It is called the cutest whale in the world because it looks cute, looks like a dolphin, and is close to humans.Not only is the beluga whale cute, it also has a relatively high IQ, even comparable to a three-year-old child. Therefore, the beluga whale gives...