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mammals

Mammals are an important group of vertebrates characterized by the presence of mothers feeding their offspring. Notable characteristics of mammals include lactation, body hair, endothermy (warm-blooded animals), and a four-chambered heart. There are many species of mammals, living in almost all ecosystems on Earth, from the deep sea to the mountains, from tropical rainforests to the cold polar regions.

  • scientific name:Mammalia

  • Features

    • suckle:Females have mammary glands that secrete milk to feed their young.

    • Body hair:Most mammals are covered with hair.

    • Endothermic:Maintaining a constant body temperature through metabolism.

    • Four-chambered heart:Mammals have four-chambered hearts to ensure efficient oxygen delivery.

    • viviparous:Most mammals reproduce by giving birth to live young, but some species, such as monotremes (e.g. the platypus), lay eggs.

  • Habitat:Almost all habitats on Earth, including land, ocean, fresh water, polar regions, etc.

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Mammal classification table

Mammals are numerous and can be subdivided based on different biological characteristics. Mammals are roughly divided into three subclasses:

  1. Monotremata: Oviparous mammals.

  2. Marsupialia: Kangaroos, koalas, etc., whose young continue to develop in a pouch outside the mother's body.

  3. Eutheria: Viviparous mammals, the most abundant species, including humans, lions, whales, etc.

The following is a detailed classification table of mammals, including all orders, families, genera and typical animals:

sortOrderFamilyGenusExamples
MonotremataMonotremataOrnithorhynchidaeOrnithorhynchusPlatypus, Echidna


TachyglossidaeEchidnaEchidna
MarsupialiaMarsupialiaMacropodidaeMacropusKangaroos, wombats, possums


PhascolarctidaePhascolarctoskoala


DasyuridaeDasyurusBandicoot, Tasmanian devil
EutheriaCarnivoraCanidaeCanisWolf, dog, fox


FelidaeFelisHouse cat, lion, tiger


UrsidaeUrsusBlack bear, brown bear, polar bear

PerissodactylaEquidaeEquusHorse, donkey, zebra


RhinocerotidaeRhinocerosWhite rhino, black rhino


TapiridaeTapirusTapirus

ArtiodactylaBovidaeBosCattle, antelopes, sheep


CervidaeCervusDeer, reindeer, sika deer


SuidaeSusWild boar, domestic pig

CetaceaBalaenidaeMegapteraHumpback whale, blue whale


DelphinidaeDelphinusDolphins, killer whales

PrimatesCercopithecidaePongoOrangutans, gibbons, monkeys


HominidaeHomoHumans, chimpanzees, orangutans

RodentiaSciuridaeSciurusSquirrels, Ground Squirrels


CastoridaeCastorbeaver


MuridaeMusHouse mouse, vole

ChiropteraVespertilionidaeMyotisSmall bat, big bat

LagomorphaLeporidaeOryctolagusRabbit, hare

Characteristics and Adaptations of Mammals

Mammals are one of the most diverse groups in the biological world. Here are the main characteristics of mammals and how they adapt:


1. Breastfeeding

A notable feature of mammals is that mothers secrete milk through their mammary glands to feed their offspring. This allows mammal cubs to receive adequate nutritional support after birth, increasing their survival rate.


2. Body hair

Almost all mammals have body hair, which not only helps to keep warm, but also plays a camouflage or display function in some species. For example, the white hair of polar bears helps them camouflage in the snow and reduce the risk of being discovered by prey.


3. Homeothermy

Mammals maintain a stable body temperature through metabolism, which allows mammals to maintain a suitable temperature regardless of changes in the outside temperature. This feature allows mammals to survive in a variety of environments, including extreme environments such as polar regions and deserts.


4. Viviparity

Most mammals reproduce by giving birth to live young, which allows the embryo to receive more stable nutritional support in the mother's body and be more viable after birth. Some species, such as kangaroos and koalas, adopt marsupial parenting.


5. Diet

Mammals have a variety of diets, from herbivorous to carnivorous and omnivorous. Some species (such as bats) have even evolved to suck blood. Different diets allow mammals to find living space in a variety of ecological environments.


Summary: Mammals are the most advanced animals with the most perfect physiological functions. There are more than 4,000 existing mammals. Almost all mammals are warm-blooded. Feeding their offspring with breast milk is one of their most notable characteristics. Mammals include nearly 30 orders, including Monotremes, Carnivores, Primates, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla.

Carnivora Primates Rodents Chiroptera Eulipotyphla Ungulata Cetacea Lagoiformes Pholidota Proboscidea Monotremata
Potos flavus

Potos flavus

Potos flavus,Kinkajou,Panda

Features:Their fur is usually golden, their tongue is long, and they can make a woman-like scream.

Kinkajou (Latin name: Potos flavus, English name: Kinkajou) is a species of raccoon that lives in the rainforest. It is the only species in the genus Kinkajou and has 7 subspecies.Honey bears are nocturnal, arboreal animals that are most active from 7pm to midnight and an hour before dawn. They slee...

Bassariscus sumichrasti

Bassariscus sumichrasti

Bassariscus sumichrasti,Cacomistle,Sino-American Ring-Tailed Panda

Features:The bear's claws cannot be retracted, the color of the tail gradually fades, and the ear outline is sharper.

The Cacomistle (scientific name: Bassariscus sumichrasti) is similar in appearance to the Cacomistle, which is often confused with the Cacomistle. The main difference between the two is that the Cacomistle's claws cannot be retracted, the color of the tail gradually fades, and the ear outline is...

Bassariscus astutus

Bassariscus astutus

Bassariscus astutus,Ring-tailed cat,Ringtail Cat

Features:The cat is named "ringtail cat" because of the 14 to 16 black and white rings on its tail.

The Ring-tailed cat (scientific name: Bassariscus astutus) is also known as the Ring-tailed cat because of the 14 to 16 black and white rings on its tail. It is particularly good at catching mice, so it is loved by humans and many people keep it as a pet.Raccoons are usually active late at night and...

Nasuella olivacea

Nasuella olivacea

Nasuella olivacea,Mountain Coati、Western Mountain Coati,Yamaguchi

Features:The smallest raccoon, with coarse fur and dark olive and brown body coloration, with lighter brown throat and chest with a reddish hue.

The coati (scientific name: Nasuella olivacea) is also known as Mountain Coati and Western Mountain Coati in foreign languages. It has three subspecies.The coati's main food is soil invertebrate adults and larvae, especially beetles, grasshoppers, locusts, centipedes, millipedes, and ants. Frogs...

Nasua narica

Nasua narica

Nasua narica,White-nosed coati,White-nosed pig

Features:The biggest difference from the common coati is that there is a white stripe in the middle of the nose.

White-nosed coati (scientific name: Nasua narica) has four subspecies.White-nosed coatis are diurnal, usually roosting in treetops at night and descending from trees to forage at dawn; adult males occasionally move at night. When looking for food, they first use their flexible long noses to sniff, t...

coatimundi

coatimundi

coatimundi,coatimondi

Features:The tail is long and thin with a dark ring and is carried upright when moving.

The coatimundi, also known as coatimundi or coatimondi, is active during the day, in groups of 5-6 or even 40. The tail is slender with a dark ring, and it is erected when moving. It is good at climbing trees and forages for fruits, seeds, eggs and various small animals on trees and on the ground.Th...

Procyon pygmaeus

Procyon pygmaeus

Procyon pygmaeus,Cozumel Raccoon、Pygmy Raccoon,Pygmy Raccoon

Features:Similar to the North American raccoon, the fur is primarily tan with interspersed darker hairs.

Cozumel Raccoon (scientific name: Procyon pygmaeus) is also known as Cozumel Raccoon and Pygmy Raccoon. It is a Procyonidae, Procyon genus animal, with no subspecies.Cozumel Raccoons are mostly nocturnal, although they can sometimes be seen during the day. They build dens as shelter, but unlike most...

Procyon cancrivorus

Procyon cancrivorus

Procyon cancrivorus,Crab-eating Raccoon

Features:Color blind, but has excellent night vision

Crab-eating raccoon (scientific name: Procyon cancrivorus) is also known as Crab-eating Raccoon. It is a Procyonidae, Procyon genus animal with 4 subspecies.Crab-eating raccoon is smaller than the North American raccoon (Procyon lotor), which helps to distinguish the two species. Males of the North...

Ochotona roylei

Ochotona roylei

Ochotona roylei

Features:Its body shape is similar to that of a big-eared pika, and its forehead is dyed rusty brown.

The gray mouse rabbit belongs to the subgenus <Conothoa>, and its species-level classification status is stable. However, it is often confused with the big-eared mouse rabbit (<Ochotona macrotis>) in identification, especially because the color variation of the two species is large, and...

Ochotona macrotis

Ochotona macrotis

Ochotona macrotis,Steppe pika, Mongolian pika, Dauri rabbit, Pika, Singing mouse, Moss

Features:The appearance is stout, the ears are round and large, and there is no white burr.

The big-eared mouse rabbit belongs to the subgenus <Conothoa> and is a larger species. It is easy to be confused with the gray mouse rabbit in classification. Their differences are mainly in the measurement of the skull. The auditory bulla of the big-eared mouse rabbit is relatively large, whi...

Ochotona koslowi

Ochotona koslowi

Ochotona koslowi,Ochotonus

Features:The Koch pika is the oldest relict species among the more than 20 existing species of pikas, and is one of the largest species in the genus Pika.

The Kochia pika belongs to the subgenus <Conothoa> and is very rare. It was first collected by a Russian officer in 1884 when he crossed the Keriya Pass from Tibet to the Tarim Basin. It was named by another Russian scientist in 1894. But there has been no record since then. It was not until 1...

Ochotona himalayana

Ochotona himalayana

Ochotona himalayana

Features:There are beige patches behind the ears and less ear hair.

The Himalayan pika belongs to the subgenus <Conothoa>. The species was published by Chinese scientist Feng Zuojian in 1973, but its taxonomic status is controversial. At present, most studies believe that this species is a synonym of the gray pika (<Ochotona raylei>). Liu Shaoying et al....

Ochotona forresti

Ochotona forresti

Ochotona forresti,Yunnan pika, gray-necked pika

Features:There are ring-shaped dark silver-gray spots or gray patches on the back of the neck and upper shoulders.

The gray-necked pika belongs to the subgenus <Conothoa>. The classification of this species is rather confusing. The reddish-brown gray-necked pika in Gaoligong Mountain was once regarded as a new species - Gaoligong pika (<Ochotona gaoligongensis>). Molecular biological research results...

Ochotona gloveri

Ochotona gloveri

Ochotona gloveri

Features:The ears are reddish brown, and the nose is also reddish brown. The ear and nose features are unique to this species.

The Sichuan pika belongs to the subgenus <Conothoa> and was once classified as a synonym of the red-eared pika. In Muli, Sichuan, a new subspecies (<O. gloveri muliensis>) was once named. Later, many people regarded it as an independent species. Liu Shaoying et al. (2016) confirmed throu...

Procyon lotor

Procyon lotor

Procyon lotor,Northern Raccoon,Food thief, Pippi Bear, Raccoon

Features:He has black eye spots on his face and a funny appearance, so he is nicknamed "The Masked Bandit"

The North American raccoon (scientific name: Procyon lotor) is called Northern Raccoon in foreign language. It is a medium-sized carnivorous animal with 23 subspecies.The North American raccoon is active at night and rarely active during the day. During extremely cold and snowy times, raccoons have...

Lycalopex vetulus

Lycalopex vetulus

Lycalopex vetulus,Hoary Fox、Hoary Zorro,Old pseudofox, Canis nudibranch

Features:Gray fur, pale face and underparts, reddish ears and legs

Brazilian Highland Fox (Scientific name: Lycalopex vetulus) Foreign name Hoary Fox, Hoary Zorro, no subspecies.Brazilian Highland Fox generally acts alone, although occasionally appears in pairs. Burrowing, often using abandoned armadillo holes. It is nocturnal and spends a lot of time digging holes...

Lycalopex sechurae

Lycalopex sechurae

Lycalopex sechurae,Sechuran Fox,Sechura Desert Fox, Peruvian Desert Fox

Features:Dark grey muzzle, grey band on chest, black tip of tail

Peruvian fox is scientifically known as Lycalopex sechurae, and its foreign name is Sechuran Fox. It is the smallest fox in the genus Lycalopex, and has no subspecies.Peruvian foxes are nocturnal and spend a lot of time digging holes during the day. They usually act alone, although they occasionally...

Lycalopex gymnocercus

Lycalopex gymnocercus

Lycalopex gymnocercus,Pampas Fox、Azara's Zorro,Pampas fox, Paraguayan fox, Paraguayan jackal

Features:Gray fur, black spots on the snout, collects things, and plays dead

The river fox (scientific name: Lycalopex gymnocercus), also known as Pampas Fox and Azara's Zorro in foreign languages, is a pseudo-fox native to the Pampas of South America, with three subspecies.River foxes are solitary, living together only during the breeding season and when caring for thei...

Lycalopex griseus

Lycalopex griseus

Lycalopex griseus,South American Grey Fox,Argentine fox, Patagonian fox

Features:The fur on the upper body is brindle gray, and the underparts are pale gray.

South American Gray Fox (Scientific name: Lycalopex griseus) is a small South American canine with no subspecies.South American gray foxes generally act alone, although they occasionally appear in pairs. They live in caves, often using abandoned armadillo caves. They are nocturnal and spend much tim...

Lycalopex fulvipes

Lycalopex fulvipes

Lycalopex fulvipes,Darwin's Fox,Fox

Features:The fur is dark gray, with red on the legs and face, and the red fur on the ears is particularly bright.

Darwin's Fox (Scientific name: Lycalopex fulvipes) is also known as Darwin's Fox in English. There are no subspecies. In 1834, Charles Darwin discovered and named this animal when he traveled through Chiloe Island.Darwin's fox is active during both the day and night, with no differences...

Chinese pika

Chinese pika

Chinese pika

Features:Gray spots above the eyes

The Chinese pika belongs to the subgenus <Conothoa>. The species was first published by Thomas (1911) as a subspecies of the gray pika (<Ochotona roylei chinensis>). After the publication, no scientist has collected and studied this taxon. Russian scientist Lissovsky (2013) believed that...