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mammals

Mammals are an important group of vertebrates characterized by the presence of mothers feeding their offspring. Notable characteristics of mammals include lactation, body hair, endothermy (warm-blooded animals), and a four-chambered heart. There are many species of mammals, living in almost all ecosystems on Earth, from the deep sea to the mountains, from tropical rainforests to the cold polar regions.

  • scientific name:Mammalia

  • Features

    • suckle:Females have mammary glands that secrete milk to feed their young.

    • Body hair:Most mammals are covered with hair.

    • Endothermic:Maintaining a constant body temperature through metabolism.

    • Four-chambered heart:Mammals have four-chambered hearts to ensure efficient oxygen delivery.

    • viviparous:Most mammals reproduce by giving birth to live young, but some species, such as monotremes (e.g. the platypus), lay eggs.

  • Habitat:Almost all habitats on Earth, including land, ocean, fresh water, polar regions, etc.

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Mammal classification table

Mammals are numerous and can be subdivided based on different biological characteristics. Mammals are roughly divided into three subclasses:

  1. Monotremata: Oviparous mammals.

  2. Marsupialia: Kangaroos, koalas, etc., whose young continue to develop in a pouch outside the mother's body.

  3. Eutheria: Viviparous mammals, the most abundant species, including humans, lions, whales, etc.

The following is a detailed classification table of mammals, including all orders, families, genera and typical animals:

sortOrderFamilyGenusExamples
MonotremataMonotremataOrnithorhynchidaeOrnithorhynchusPlatypus, Echidna


TachyglossidaeEchidnaEchidna
MarsupialiaMarsupialiaMacropodidaeMacropusKangaroos, wombats, possums


PhascolarctidaePhascolarctoskoala


DasyuridaeDasyurusBandicoot, Tasmanian devil
EutheriaCarnivoraCanidaeCanisWolf, dog, fox


FelidaeFelisHouse cat, lion, tiger


UrsidaeUrsusBlack bear, brown bear, polar bear

PerissodactylaEquidaeEquusHorse, donkey, zebra


RhinocerotidaeRhinocerosWhite rhino, black rhino


TapiridaeTapirusTapirus

ArtiodactylaBovidaeBosCattle, antelopes, sheep


CervidaeCervusDeer, reindeer, sika deer


SuidaeSusWild boar, domestic pig

CetaceaBalaenidaeMegapteraHumpback whale, blue whale


DelphinidaeDelphinusDolphins, killer whales

PrimatesCercopithecidaePongoOrangutans, gibbons, monkeys


HominidaeHomoHumans, chimpanzees, orangutans

RodentiaSciuridaeSciurusSquirrels, Ground Squirrels


CastoridaeCastorbeaver


MuridaeMusHouse mouse, vole

ChiropteraVespertilionidaeMyotisSmall bat, big bat

LagomorphaLeporidaeOryctolagusRabbit, hare

Characteristics and Adaptations of Mammals

Mammals are one of the most diverse groups in the biological world. Here are the main characteristics of mammals and how they adapt:


1. Breastfeeding

A notable feature of mammals is that mothers secrete milk through their mammary glands to feed their offspring. This allows mammal cubs to receive adequate nutritional support after birth, increasing their survival rate.


2. Body hair

Almost all mammals have body hair, which not only helps to keep warm, but also plays a camouflage or display function in some species. For example, the white hair of polar bears helps them camouflage in the snow and reduce the risk of being discovered by prey.


3. Homeothermy

Mammals maintain a stable body temperature through metabolism, which allows mammals to maintain a suitable temperature regardless of changes in the outside temperature. This feature allows mammals to survive in a variety of environments, including extreme environments such as polar regions and deserts.


4. Viviparity

Most mammals reproduce by giving birth to live young, which allows the embryo to receive more stable nutritional support in the mother's body and be more viable after birth. Some species, such as kangaroos and koalas, adopt marsupial parenting.


5. Diet

Mammals have a variety of diets, from herbivorous to carnivorous and omnivorous. Some species (such as bats) have even evolved to suck blood. Different diets allow mammals to find living space in a variety of ecological environments.


Summary: Mammals are the most advanced animals with the most perfect physiological functions. There are more than 4,000 existing mammals. Almost all mammals are warm-blooded. Feeding their offspring with breast milk is one of their most notable characteristics. Mammals include nearly 30 orders, including Monotremes, Carnivores, Primates, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla.

Carnivora Primates Rodents Chiroptera Eulipotyphla Ungulata Cetacea Lagoiformes Pholidota Proboscidea Monotremata
Sciurotamias davidianus

Sciurotamias davidianus

Sciurotamias davidianus,David’s rock squirrel,Sweeper, Stone Rat

Rodents LC

Features:This squirrel has the strongest reproductive capacity, with eight babies in one litter. It also loves to steal.

Rock squirrels belong to the family Sciuridae in the order Rodentia and are endemic to China. They are medium-sized, with fluffy tail hair that is sparser than the back hair, and a certain amount of all-black needle hair mixed in the middle.Rock squirrels are semi-arboreal and semi-terrestrial squir...

Ratufa bicolor

Ratufa bicolor

Ratufa bicolor(Sparrman, 1778),Black Great Squirrel,Tree dog, black civet, vine civet, black civet, black giant squirrel or Malayan giant squirrel

Rodents LC

Features:The largest arboreal squirrel.

Giant squirrels are large rodents that live in high trees in tropical and subtropical monsoon forests below 2,000 meters above sea level. They are typical arboreal animals.Giant squirrels prefer to live alone and rarely live in groups. Occasionally, 2 to 3 of them are seen feeding on the same tree....

Dremomys rufigenis

Dremomys rufigenis

Dremomys rufigenis,,Asian Red-cheeked Squirre,l Red-cheeked squirrel, Red-cheeked long-nosed squirrel

Rodents LC

Features:It has a large body and a short tail. The back of the body, including the forehead and upper legs, is dark olive green, and the abdomen is light yellowish white.

The red-cheeked long-nosed squirrel (scientific name: Dremomys rufigenis) is an animal of the family Sciuridae and the genus Dremomys. It lives a semi-arboreal life, is good at climbing and jumping, and likes to live in groups. It is more active at dawn and dusk, mainly active in bushes and forest e...

Dremomys pyrrhomerus

Dremomys pyrrhomerus

Dremomys pyrrhomerus,Thomas, 1895

Rodents LC

Features:The snout is longer and tapered. The lateral thighs, buttocks and below the knees are obviously rusty red.

The red-legged long-nosed squirrel (scientific name: Dremomys pyrrhomerus) is a protected species unique to my country and belongs to the family Sciuridae. It mainly lives in dense forests and has similar living habits to gray squirrels. It likes to be active in the morning and evening. It mainly ea...

Dremomys pernyi

Dremomys pernyi

Dremomys pernyi,Perny's Long-nosed Squirrel,Long-nosed squirrel, squirrel, hairy mouse

Rodents LC

Features:This species has the shortest snout among the genus Sciurus.

Pernyi's long-nosed squirrel (scientific name: Dremomys pernyi) is an animal of the Sciuridae family and the genus Dremomys. It mostly lives in subtropical forests, especially in tropical rainforests and trees near river valleys and streams.Perkins's long-nosed squirrels mainly live in trees...

Dremomys lokriah

Dremomys lokriah

Dremomys lokriah,Himalayan orange-bellied long-nosed squirrel, Tibetan long-nosed squirrel

Rodents LC

Features:Snout length is about 33.4% of skull length

The orange-bellied long-nosed squirrel (scientific name: Dremomys lokriah) belongs to the family Sciuridae, also known as the Himalayan orange-bellied long-nosed squirrel and the Tibetan long-nosed squirrel. It usually lives in the cycad forest at an altitude of 1500-3400 meters or the woods at 2000...

Tamiops swinhoei

Tamiops swinhoei

Tamiops swinhoei,Hidden flower squirrel, yellow-bellied flower squirrel, leopard mouse, chipmunk, golden chipmunk, three-browed squirrel, Diao Lingzi, etc.

Rodents LC

Features:There is a distinct black stripe in the middle of the back, and two brown or light yellow vertical stripes on both sides.

The chipmunk, also known as the chipmunk, yellow-bellied chipmunk, and leopard mouse, usually builds nests in tree holes, tree branches, or cracks on cliffs. It is active at dawn and dusk. Its food is mainly plant fruits, buds, seeds, and insects. It is widely distributed and is a common group. It i...

Callosciurus quinquestriatus

Callosciurus quinquestriatus

Callosciurus quinquestriatus,,Five-striped squirrel

Rodents LC

Features:The abdomen has three black stripes and two white stripes alternating between them, hence the name "striped-bellied squirrel".

The striped squirrel, also known as the five-striped squirrel, is an endangered species. The back of the body is olive brown-gray with obvious red, and the back is the darkest. The chin and throat are gray with a slight red; there is a dark stripe in the center of the ventral surface and on both out...

Callosciurus pygerythrus imitator

Callosciurus pygerythrus imitator

Callosciurus pygerythrus imitator,Irrawaddy squirrel, Yunnan squirrel

Rodents LC

Features:The tail is usually longer than the body but narrower, and the tip is usually black.

Blue-bellied squirrels are distributed in southwestern China, including southern Yunnan and Medog in southeastern Tibet. There are 8 subspecies of blue-bellied squirrels, and only one subspecies in China, namely the Yunnan subspecies.Blue-bellied squirrels are diurnal and usually act alone. They fee...

Callosciurus phayrei

Callosciurus phayrei

Callosciurus phayrei,Phayre”s Squirrel,Yellew-handed Squirrel,Yellow-footed squirrel, yellow-bellied squirrel, yellow squirrel, Philippine squirrel

Rodents LC

Features:Arboreal squirrel with yellow belly and chin.

The yellow-handed squirrel is also called the yellow-footed squirrel, yellow-bellied squirrel, yellow squirrel, and Philippine squirrel. It is slightly larger than the red-bellied squirrel. It has a narrow distribution area and a small number of species. It is a rare species.It lives in tropical rai...

Callosciurus erythraeus

Callosciurus erythraeus

Callosciurus erythraeus,Red-bellied squirrel, flying squirrel, dart mouse

Rodents LC

Features:It has a slender body, a long tail, and the color of its abdomen varies depending on the specific habitat.

Red-bellied squirrels, also known as red-bellied squirrels, are arboreal animals. They mostly live in trees, using the branches of branches to build a frame with small sticks, surrounded by leaves and fine grass to climb things, and look like a bird's nest from the outside. Some also use the hol...

Callosciurus caniceps

Callosciurus caniceps

Callosciurus caniceps,Tamiops sauteri,Sciurus thaiwanensis,Sciurus caniceps

Rodents LC

Features:

The golden-backed squirrel (scientific name: Callosciurus caniceps) is an animal of the genus Callosciurus, native to western Malaysia, Thailand and southern Myanmar. It has been artificially introduced to the Ryukyu Islands. In China, it is distributed in Kaohsiung, Taiwan and other places. The typ...

Sciurus vulgaris

Sciurus vulgaris

Sciurus vulgaris,Squirrel, Tree Rat

Rodents LC

Features:Their fur colors vary depending on the season and location.

Northern squirrels mainly live in temperate and subarctic coniferous forests or mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests. They build nests in large trees and are good at jumping. They mainly feed on seeds of trees such as pine trees, and also eat mushrooms, young shoots, wild fruits and insects. Th...

Nomascus leucogenys

Nomascus leucogenys

Nomascus leucogenys,White-cheeked gibbon,Northern White-cheeked Gibbon, White-cheeked Gibbon, Gibbon à favoris blancs du Nord , vượn bạc má, vượn má trắng bắc, vượn đen má trắng,Hylobates le

Features:The male's fur is mainly black with a faint silver color, while the female's fur is orange to milky white, with no black hair on the abdomen.

The northern white-cheeked gibbon is a species of primate, family Hylobates. It inhabits tall primary and degraded evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. In northwestern Vietnam and northern Laos, these animals live in a subtropical climate with short and not too cold winters without frost. In Vietna...

Manis javanica

Manis javanica

Manis javanica, pangolin, dace carp

Features:There is a white scale on the tail and dark brown scales all over the body.

Malayan pangolins are nocturnal animals that rest during the day curled up in tree holes or burrows and come out to forage throughout the night, using their prehensile tails to climb trees in pursuit of prey. The diet consists mainly of ants and termites. They can easily locate ant nests with their...

Manis crassicaudata

Manis crassicaudata

Manis crassicaudata,Thick-tailed pangolin, scaly anteater

Features:The head is small and triangular, and the body is slender and long.

Although it is a ground-dwelling animal, it is good at climbing using its prehensile tail. It lives alone most of the time, except during the mating season. It mainly feeds on ants and termites. It spends most of its time in caves or rocks. When frightened, it curls up into a ball. It usually gives...

Manis pentadactyla

Manis pentadactyla

Manis pentadactyla,Pangolin, anteater

Features:Slender. Large, conical skull. Small eyes. Long and narrow body. Scales all over the body. Short and thick limbs. Long and flat tail.

The Chinese pangolin is a specialized species with basically degenerated vision and a particularly keen sense of smell. The pangolin has a small liver, weak liver detoxification function, and a weak immune system. It has a single-chamber stomach covered with a keratin membrane, and the mucous membra...

Berardius bairdii

Berardius bairdii

Berardius bairdii,Baird's beaked whale,Bell's beaked whale, Bell's beaked whale, North Pacific bottlenose whale, North Pacific four-toothed whale

Cetacea LC

Features:Probably the largest of all beaked whales

Baird's beaked whale, whose foreign name is Baird's beaked whale, may be the largest of all beaked whales.The appearance of the Bel's beaked whale is so similar to that of Aldrich's beaked whale that some people believe that the two are the same species. However, their habitats are i...

Mesoplodon densirostris

Mesoplodon densirostris

Mesoplodon densirostris,Bryde's beaked whale, Bryde's beaked whale, Blunt beaked whale

Cetacea LC

Features:The male Beaked Whale is one of the most bizarre looking whales in the world.

Blainville's beaked whale is the most common species in the genus Blainville.Blainville's beaked whales usually move alone or in pairs, and small groups of 3 to 7 (occasionally up to 12) have also been recorded.The beaked whale generally performs shallow dives, but can dive deep for up to 45...

Ziphius cavirostris

Ziphius cavirostris

Ziphius cavirostris,Cuvier's beaked Whale,Cuvier's beaked whale, goose-billed whale, Cuvier's beaked whale, goose-billed whale, Cuvier's beaked whale

Cetacea LC

Features:The diving depth champion among mammals, the highest record is 2992 meters

Cuvier's beaked whale, whose foreign name is Cuvier's beaked Whale, is the most widely distributed species in the beaked whale family. They are also known as Goose-beaked Whale and Goose-billed Whale, so named because their head looks somewhat like a goose's head when viewed from the sid...

Kogia sima

Kogia sima

Kogia sima,Kogia simus (Owen, 1866),Physeter simus Owen, 1866, Dwarf Sperm Whale, Dwarf Sperm Whale, Cachalot nain, Cachalot nain,Cachalote Enano, Cachalote Enano,,Owen's sperm whale

Cetacea LC

Features:The species was not widely recognized until 1966

Dwarf Sperm Whale, no subspecies.The species of Dwarf Sperm Whale was not widely recognized until 1966, so it was often unclear in the literature before then which species "Kogia" was targeting. No subspecies of the pygmy sperm whale have been found. However, based on sequencing of the mit...