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Birds: different species, definitions, photos, and more

Birds are advanced vertebrates that are adapted to life on land and in the air. Birds in China are divided into six categories: waterfowl, wading birds, climbing birds, land birds, raptors, and songbirds. These six categories are collectively referred to as the six major ecological groups of birds. There are many species of birds, spread all over the world, and the ecology is diverse. There are more than 9,020 known bird species in existence, and more than 1,400 species in China.

Birds (Aves) are a unique category of vertebrates, known for their feathers covering their entire body, their ability to fly, and their ability to lay eggs. Birds are the only existing animals with feathers and play an important role in biodiversity and ecosystems.

  • Scientific name: Aves

  • Main features:

    1. Feathers: Feathers are a unique feature of birds and are used for flight, insulation and display.

    2. Homothermia: Birds are warm-blooded animals and can survive in a variety of environments.

    3. Flight ability: Most birds can fly, but there are exceptions (such as ostriches and penguins).

    4. Oviparous: Birds reproduce by laying eggs, which have hard shells.

    5. Beak: Birds have no teeth, and their beaks are adapted to different feeding needs.

  • Ecological role:

    • Pollination, seed dispersal, pest control.

    • An important link in the food chain.

  • Evolutionary history:

    • Birds originated from dinosaurs in the Mesozoic era (about 150 million years ago).

    • Archaeopteryx is considered an important transitional species between birds and dinosaurs.


Bird classification table

Birds include about 30 orders, covering more than 10,000 known species. The following is a detailed classification of birds, including major orders, families, genera and typical representatives.


Classification levelOrderFamilyGenusRepresentative birds (Examples)
Land birds
GalliformesPhasianidaePheasant (Phasianus)pheasant, peacock


Guinea fowl (Numididae)Guinea fowl (Numida)guinea fowl


MeleagrididaeMeleagrisTurkey
WaterfowlAnseriformesAnatidaeAnasWild duck, swan



BrantaBranta
Birds of preyFalconiformesFalconidaeFalcoSaker Falcon, Peregrine Falcon

AccipitriformesAccipitridaeAquilagolden eagle, vulture



MilvusRed kite, black kite
Wading birdsCiconiiformesStorks (Ciconiidae)CiconiaWhite stork, black stork

PelecaniformesPelecanidaePelecanusWhite Pelican, Brown Pelican


FregatidaeFregatafrigate bird
SongbirdsPasseriformesPasseridaePasserHouse sparrow, mountain sparrow


HirundinidaeHirundoBarn swallow, sand swallow


PsittacidaePsittacusafrican gray parrot
seabirdsCharadriiformesLaridaeLarusHerring Gull, Black-backed Gull


Plovidae (Charadriidae)CharadriusGolden Plover, Ring-necked Plover

Albatross (Procellariiformes)Albatross family (Diomedeidae)Albatross (Diomedea)Wandering Albatross
Climbing birdsWoodpeckers (Piciformes)Woodpeckers (Picidae)Woodpecker (Dendrocopos)Great Spotted Woodpecker

Buddha, Dharma and Sangha (Coraciiformes)CoraciiformesCoraciasBlue-breasted Buddha monk
Penguin categoryPenguin Order (Sphenisciformes)Penguin family (Spheniscidae)Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis)Emperor Penguin, Adélie Penguin

Main evolutionary history of birds

Origin

Birds originated from dinosaurs and are descendants of theropod dinosaurs. Archaeopteryx from the Mesozoic Era (about 150 million years ago) is the earliest known bird fossil, with dinosaur teeth and bird feathers, and is regarded as a transitional species between birds and dinosaurs.

Evolution and Diversity

  1. Cenozoic Flourish: After the extinction of the dinosaurs, birds underwent rapid adaptive radiation evolution, expanding into a variety of ecological niches.

  2. Flight and Adaptation: Birds have lightweight skeletons and streamlined bodies, which provide an evolutionary advantage for flight.

  3. Global Distribution: There are more than 10,000 existing species of birds, distributed in almost all habitats on Earth.


Ecological Roles of Birds

  1. Pollination and Seed Dispersal: Birds such as hummingbirds and parrots maintain plant diversity by pollinating and dispersing seeds.

  2. Pest Control: Woodpeckers and swallows control insect populations, which helps agriculture.

  3. Ecological Balance: Birds of prey such as eagles and falcons are at the top of the food chain and maintain the stability of the ecosystem.


Bird Conservation Status

  1. Habitat Loss: Deforestation and wetland destruction threaten bird survival.

  2. Climate Change: Climate change affects the reproduction and habitat of migratory birds.

  3. Conservation Actions: Bird sanctuaries, such as crane sanctuaries and wetland restoration projects, have been established around the world.


Conclusion

Birds are among the most diverse and adaptable animals on Earth. From songbirds to raptors, from land to sea, birds have demonstrated extraordinary evolutionary adaptability. Through this detailed classification list and bird introduction, users can gain in-depth knowledge of the evolutionary history, classification, and important role of birds in the ecosystem. This not only helps spread knowledge, but also provides a scientific basis for bird protection.

Waterfowl Wading birds Climbing birds Landfowl Bird of prey Songbird
Scleroptila gutturalis

Scleroptila gutturalis

Scleroptila gutturalis,Orange River Francolin

Features:The adult bird has colored stripes on both sides of the head and neck, and the cloth has small black and white spots

The Orange River Partridge (Scleroptila gutturalis) is known as Orange River Francolin and has four subspecies.The Orange River ringnecked partridge is a land bird and can live in colonies of up to 10-12 individuals. Flies fast when in danger, but usually runs around in panic. Forage for insects and...

Scleroptila finschi

Scleroptila finschi

Scleroptila finschi,Finsch's Francolin

Features:The upper body is mainly gray-brown with some reddish-brown streaks

Partridge finschi (scientific name: Scleroptila finschi) foreign name Finsch' s Francolin, no subspecies.The partridge is a land bird that flies quickly when in danger, but usually runs away in panic. Scour the ground for insects and plant seeds, feeding on weeds, roots, seeds, young leaves and...

Scleroptila elgonensis

Scleroptila elgonensis

Scleroptila elgonensis,Elgon Francolin

Features:Underbody chestnut color, full of fine spots and black stripes

The Partridge Elgon Francolin (Scleroptila elgonensis) has no subspecies.Elgon ring-necked partridges are usually grouped in pairs or family groups. Are particularly timid and cautious birds. If it sees a dangerous situation, it will quickly run into the low grass and only come out when the intruder...

Scleroptila afra

Scleroptila afra

Scleroptila afra,Grey-winged Francolin

Features:

The gray-winged Francolin (Scleroptila afra) has no subspecies.The Partridge is mainly active in the early morning and late afternoon. It feeds on bulbs and roots, especially those of lycoris, sedges and irises, as well as a small number of plant leaves and seeds, insects and invertebrates.Listed on...

Rollulus roulroul

Rollulus roulroul

Rollulus roulroul,Crested Partridge,Perdiz Rulrul

Features:The whole is bluish-purple with a glossy color, and the head has a cluster of gorgeous bright red feathers

The coronal Partridge (scientific name: Rollulus rouloul) Crested Partridge in English, Perdiz Rulrul in Spanish, no subspecies.Coronal partridges tend to live alone or in pairs, sometimes in small groups of up to 15 individuals. Prefers to live in dry areas, descending to the valleys in the early m...

Rhizothera dulitensis

Rhizothera dulitensis

Rhizothera dulitensis,Dulit Partridge

Features:

Dulit Partridge, Rhizothera dulitensis, was once a subspecies of partridge. Specific habits are unknown.Listed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 2016 Red List of Threatened Species ver 3.1 - Vulnerable (VU).Protect wild animals and eliminate wild meat.Maintaining ecologica...

Rhizothera longirostris

Rhizothera longirostris

Rhizothera longirostris,Long-billed Wood Partridge

Features:

Rhizothera longirostris, or Long-billed Wood Partridge, is seriously threatened by habitat degradation and hunting, and an important conservation priority is rediscovery. Birdlife International believes it may have been in rapid decline due to habitat destruction and degradation, and that its taxono...

Rheinardia ocellata

Rheinardia ocellata

Rheinardia ocellata,Crested Argus

Features:It is a large pheasant with a long tail and an upright crest on its head

The Crested Argus (Rheinardia ocellata) has two subspecies.The crested pheasant usually moves alone in its territory. They only come together during the breeding season. The species is polygamous in the wild, with males performing elaborate courtship rituals during the mating season, calling and dan...

Ptilopachus petrosus

Ptilopachus petrosus

Ptilopachus petrosus

Features:The body feathers are mainly chocolate brown with sparse cream-gray spots

Ptilopachus petrosus usually lives in pairs or small groups of up to four quails and feeds on grass and herb seeds, green leaves, fruits and buds, and some insects.In captivity they are monogamous, but in the wild they are mostly monogamous. The eggs are pale pink, faded to cream, and the whole of t...

Ptilopachus nahani

Ptilopachus nahani

Ptilopachus nahani,Nahan's Partridge

Features:Probably the only African quail in the New World.

Ptilopachus nahani, foreign name Nahan' s Partridge is a traditional bird in the pheasant family. As its other name suggests, it was previously considered a partridge (Francolin) and placed in the genus Francolinus or Pternistis, but it was eventually determined that its closest relative was the...

Pternistis swierstrai

Pternistis swierstrai

Pternistis swierstrai,Swierstra's Francolin

Features:The male bird is black and white with a broad black chest band with black spots

Swierstra (scientific name: Pternistis swierstrai) foreign name Swierstra' s Francolin, no subspecies.The partridge is usually solitary. Look for grass seeds, bean seeds and insects among the forest leaves. When encountering danger, he prefers running to escape danger rather than flying. The bre...

Swainson's Francolin

Swainson's Francolin

Swainson's Francolin,Pternistis swainsonii

Features:Has a distinctive scarlet throat and bare facial skin red

The colored partridge (scientific name: Pternistis swainsonii) foreign name Swainson' s Francolin, there are 2 subspecies.The partridge is usually solitary. It feeds on plant bulbs and bulbs, seeds, berries and shoots, as well as spiders and insects, including locusts, ticks, beetles, termites a...

Scaly Francolin

Scaly Francolin

Scaly Francolin,Pternistis squamatus

Features:It's a species with fairly dark plumage

The Partridge squamatus (Pternistis squamatus) has six subspecies, Scaly Francolin.Partridges are usually solitary. Feed on bulbs and bulbs, seeds, berries and shoots of plants, including sweet potatoes and peanuts. They also eat small mollusks, termites, ants and other insects. When in danger, he p...

Grey-breasted Francolin

Grey-breasted Francolin

Grey-breasted Francolin,Pternistis rufopictus

Features:Forehead and crown brown, nape and wings dark brown neck and thorax gray

The Grey-breasted Francolin (Pternistis rufopictus) has no subspecies.The partridge is usually solitary, becoming active only in the early morning and late afternoon. It mainly feeds on the tubers of the sedge genus (Sedge family), but also eats small mollusks, termites, ants, and other insects. Whe...

Djibouti Francolin

Djibouti Francolin

Djibouti Francolin

Features:The adult bird is grayish-brown in color with white stripes that taper toward the head

Pternistis ochropectus (Pternistis ochropectus) foreign name Djibouti Francolin, no subspecies.The partridge moves into more open woodland and scrubland after the breeding season. When in danger, he prefers running to escape danger rather than flying. It feeds on plant bulbs and bulbs, seeds, berrie...

Handsome Francolin

Handsome Francolin

Handsome Francolin,Pternistis nobilis

Features:It has distinctive white stripes and swirly feathers

Colorful partridge (scientific name: Pternistis nobilis) foreign name Handsome Francolin, no subspecies.Colourful partridges usually live alone. It feeds on plant bulbs and bulbs, seeds, berries and shoots, as well as small mollusks, termites, ants and other insects. When in danger, he prefers runni...

Pternistis natalensis

Pternistis natalensis

Pternistis natalensis,Natal Francolin

Features:The body has dense white undercoat and black fine lines, and brown wings

Natal Francolin (Pternistis natalensis) has two subspecies.The Natal colored partridge likes to be alone. It feeds on plant bulbs and bulbs, seeds, berries, shoots including grains, but also small mollusks, beetles, termites, grasshoppers and other insects. When in danger, he prefers running to esca...

Pternistis leucoscepus

Pternistis leucoscepus

Pternistis leucoscepus,Yellow-necked Francolin

Features:Orange-red exposed skin around the eyes and yellow skin on the throat

Yellow-necked Francolin (Pternistis leucoscepus), no subspecies.Sedge tubers were the main food, especially sedge plants, and the amount was more than 50%. They also eat small mollusks, termites, ants and other insects. When in danger, he prefers running to escape danger rather than flying. The bree...

Jackson's Francolin

Jackson's Francolin

Jackson's Francolin,Pternistis jacksoni

Features:

Kenya colored partridge (scientific name: Pternistis jacksoni) foreign name Jackson' s Francolin, no subspecies.Kenyan colored partridges like to sing from the edge of boulders or cliffs in their territory. Usually alone. Feeds on plant bulbs and grass buds, berries, small snails and insects. Wh...

Pternistis icterorhynchus

Pternistis icterorhynchus

Pternistis icterorhynchus,Heuglin's Francolin

Features:The forehead has black striped feathers, with broad white brow lines and radiating spots below the neck

Yellow beak colored partridge (scientific name: Pternistis icterorhynchus) foreign name Heuglin' s Francolin, no subspecies.The yellow-billed partridge likes to sing from the edge of a boulder or cliff in its territory. Usually alone. It feeds on plant bulbs and bulbs, seeds, berries and shoots,...

francolinus hildebrandti

francolinus hildebrandti

francolinus hildebrandti,Hildebrandt's Francolin

Features:The throat, neck, and lower body are white, with mostly black markings, most visible on the chest and abdomen

francolinushildebrandti (scientific name: Francolinus Hildebrandti) foreign name Hildebrandt' S. Francolin, there are 3 subspecies.The partridge mainly lives between 2000 and 2500 m above sea level, but can drop to 650 m locally. They usually live in pairs, but sometimes in small family groups....