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mammals

Mammals are an important group of vertebrates characterized by the presence of mothers feeding their offspring. Notable characteristics of mammals include lactation, body hair, endothermy (warm-blooded animals), and a four-chambered heart. There are many species of mammals, living in almost all ecosystems on Earth, from the deep sea to the mountains, from tropical rainforests to the cold polar regions.

  • scientific name:Mammalia

  • Features

    • suckle:Females have mammary glands that secrete milk to feed their young.

    • Body hair:Most mammals are covered with hair.

    • Endothermic:Maintaining a constant body temperature through metabolism.

    • Four-chambered heart:Mammals have four-chambered hearts to ensure efficient oxygen delivery.

    • viviparous:Most mammals reproduce by giving birth to live young, but some species, such as monotremes (e.g. the platypus), lay eggs.

  • Habitat:Almost all habitats on Earth, including land, ocean, fresh water, polar regions, etc.

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Mammal classification table

Mammals are numerous and can be subdivided based on different biological characteristics. Mammals are roughly divided into three subclasses:

  1. Monotremata: Oviparous mammals.

  2. Marsupialia: Kangaroos, koalas, etc., whose young continue to develop in a pouch outside the mother's body.

  3. Eutheria: Viviparous mammals, the most abundant species, including humans, lions, whales, etc.

The following is a detailed classification table of mammals, including all orders, families, genera and typical animals:

sortOrderFamilyGenusExamples
MonotremataMonotremataOrnithorhynchidaeOrnithorhynchusPlatypus, Echidna


TachyglossidaeEchidnaEchidna
MarsupialiaMarsupialiaMacropodidaeMacropusKangaroos, wombats, possums


PhascolarctidaePhascolarctoskoala


DasyuridaeDasyurusBandicoot, Tasmanian devil
EutheriaCarnivoraCanidaeCanisWolf, dog, fox


FelidaeFelisHouse cat, lion, tiger


UrsidaeUrsusBlack bear, brown bear, polar bear

PerissodactylaEquidaeEquusHorse, donkey, zebra


RhinocerotidaeRhinocerosWhite rhino, black rhino


TapiridaeTapirusTapirus

ArtiodactylaBovidaeBosCattle, antelopes, sheep


CervidaeCervusDeer, reindeer, sika deer


SuidaeSusWild boar, domestic pig

CetaceaBalaenidaeMegapteraHumpback whale, blue whale


DelphinidaeDelphinusDolphins, killer whales

PrimatesCercopithecidaePongoOrangutans, gibbons, monkeys


HominidaeHomoHumans, chimpanzees, orangutans

RodentiaSciuridaeSciurusSquirrels, Ground Squirrels


CastoridaeCastorbeaver


MuridaeMusHouse mouse, vole

ChiropteraVespertilionidaeMyotisSmall bat, big bat

LagomorphaLeporidaeOryctolagusRabbit, hare

Characteristics and Adaptations of Mammals

Mammals are one of the most diverse groups in the biological world. Here are the main characteristics of mammals and how they adapt:


1. Breastfeeding

A notable feature of mammals is that mothers secrete milk through their mammary glands to feed their offspring. This allows mammal cubs to receive adequate nutritional support after birth, increasing their survival rate.


2. Body hair

Almost all mammals have body hair, which not only helps to keep warm, but also plays a camouflage or display function in some species. For example, the white hair of polar bears helps them camouflage in the snow and reduce the risk of being discovered by prey.


3. Homeothermy

Mammals maintain a stable body temperature through metabolism, which allows mammals to maintain a suitable temperature regardless of changes in the outside temperature. This feature allows mammals to survive in a variety of environments, including extreme environments such as polar regions and deserts.


4. Viviparity

Most mammals reproduce by giving birth to live young, which allows the embryo to receive more stable nutritional support in the mother's body and be more viable after birth. Some species, such as kangaroos and koalas, adopt marsupial parenting.


5. Diet

Mammals have a variety of diets, from herbivorous to carnivorous and omnivorous. Some species (such as bats) have even evolved to suck blood. Different diets allow mammals to find living space in a variety of ecological environments.


Summary: Mammals are the most advanced animals with the most perfect physiological functions. There are more than 4,000 existing mammals. Almost all mammals are warm-blooded. Feeding their offspring with breast milk is one of their most notable characteristics. Mammals include nearly 30 orders, including Monotremes, Carnivores, Primates, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla.

Carnivora Primates Rodents Chiroptera Shrews Ungulata Cetacea Lagomorpha Pholidota Proboscidea Monotremata
Antilope cervicapra

Antilope cervicapra

Antilope cervicapra

Features:Possessing a pair of slender, straight, curved, spirally growing black horns

Antilope cervicapra, also known as Blackbuck in English, has two subspecies.Antilope cervicapra is sensitive, alert by nature, good at running and continuous jumping, and is the most agile of the antelopes. It is a gregarious animal, but does not mix with other animals. It lives in open plains and s...

Antidorcas marsupialis

Antidorcas marsupialis

Antidorcas marsupialis

Features:Born to run and jump, it can reach a speed of 94 kilometers per hour, can jump up to 3.5 meters, and can jump up to 10 meters.

Springbok (scientific name: Antidorcas marsupialis) is called Springbok in foreign language. There are 3 subspecies.Springboks migrate long distances in large groups in the dry season in search of new pastures. They feed on grass and shrub shoots, and will not drink water if there is enough green gr...

Ammodorcas clarkei

Ammodorcas clarkei

Ammodorcas clarkei,Sand Antelope,Clark's Gazelle

Features:Small, flat head, large eyes and medium-sized ears, with a thin body, legs and neck

Clark's Gazelle (scientific name: Ammodorcas clarkei), also known as Clark's Gazelle in English, has no subspecies and is a medium-sized antelope.The sand antelope is a solitary or social diurnal mammal that can move alone or in small family groups of 3-9 individuals. It feeds in the morning...

Damaliscus superstes

Damaliscus superstes

Damaliscus superstes,Wildebeest at Lake Bangweulu

Features:The fur is dark brown in color.

Bangweulu Lake Wildebeest (scientific name: Damaliscus superstes) is also known as Bangweulu Tsessebe in English. There is no subspecies.The Bangweulu Lake Wildebeest was once a subspecies of the Tsessebe. However, based on the differences in skull morphology and fur, it was classified as an indepen...

Damaliscus pygargus

Damaliscus pygargus

Damaliscus pygargus,Damaliscus pygargus pygargus,Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi

Features:Not good at jumping, horns are harp-shaped and circular

White-striped wildebeest (scientific name: Damaliscus pygargus) is also known as Blesbok in foreign languages. There are two subspecies.Both subspecies of white-striped wildebeest are diurnal animals, mostly grazing in the morning and afternoon, and resting at noon and at night. They are social anim...

Damaliscus lunatus

Damaliscus lunatus

Damaliscus lunatus,Black-faced hartebeest, South African oryx Black-faced hartebeest, South African oryx

Features:There is a black band from the forehead to the tip of the nose

The horned wildebeest (scientific name: Damaliscus lunatus) is also known as Topi, Tiang, and Tsessebe in foreign languages. There are 6 subspecies. The Bangweulu Lake Wildebeest is one of the subspecies of the horned wildebeest. However, based on the differences in skull morphology and fur, it was...

Connochaetes taurinus

Connochaetes taurinus

Connochaetes taurinus,Common Wildebeest,Common wildebeest, blue wildebeest, spotted wildebeest, white-bearded wildebeest

Features:It has a large head and broad shoulders like a buffalo, a slender back like a horse, and a black mane on its neck.

Common Wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) has five subspecies.Common Wildebeest can have two or three territorial ranges, each corresponding to a specific season. These generally include dry and wet season territories, as well as a third transitional territory that not all wildebeest use. Transition...

Connochaetes gnou

Connochaetes gnou

Connochaetes gnou,Black Wildebeest, White-tailed Gnu

Features:The mane stands up from the neck, the horns are stretched forward, and the tail is white.

White-tailed wildebeest (scientific name: Connochaetes gnou) is also known as Black Wildebeest and White-tailed Gnu. It has no subspecies.Like spotted wildebeest, white-tailed wildebeest also migrate in groups in the wild. They interact with predators, however they appear to be more aggressive than...

Beatragus hunteri

Beatragus hunteri

Beatragus hunteri,Hirola,Herola,Four-eyed hartebeest

Features:There is a white frame around the eyes, so it is also called "four-eyed antelope"

Hirola (scientific name: Beatragus hunteri) is also known as Hirola and Herola in foreign languages. There is no subspecies.Hirola is a species similar to the genus Beatragus and the hartebeest, but they can be distinguished by their horn shape, body shape and fur color. The Henson's wildebeest...

Alcelaphus buselaphus

Alcelaphus buselaphus

Alcelaphus buselaphus,Red Hartebeest

Features:The face is narrow and long, the eyes are far from the horns, and the shoulders are higher than the hips.

Red Hartebeest (scientific name: Alcelaphus buselaphus) is also known as Red Hartebeest in foreign languages. The Red Hartebeest and the Zambian Hartebeest were once independent species. In 2013, they were classified as subspecies of the Hartebeest. So far, the Hartebeest genus has only one species,...

Aepyceros melampus

Aepyceros melampus

Aepyceros melampus,Impala,Common Impala

Features:Characterized by its long horns and extremely fast running speed, it is also called the flying antelope.

Impala (scientific name: Aepyceros melampus) is also known as Impala and Common Impala in foreign languages. There are 6 subspecies.Impalas live on grasslands and thick bushes. They do not migrate and like to live in groups, usually between 15 and 60. The size of the herd forms a certain social stru...

Antilocapra americana

Antilocapra americana

Antilocapra americana,pronghorn,American Antelope

Features:Good at running, it is the fastest animal in America

Pronghorn (scientific name: Antilocapra americana) is also known as pronghorn in foreign languages. There are 5 subspecies.Pronghorn likes to live in groups. In summer, they form small groups of about 50-100 people, and in winter, they gather into large groups of thousands of people. When encounteri...

Mazama americana

Mazama americana

Mazama americana, Red Brocket, Corzuela Colorado、Corzuela Roja, Veado-mateiro

Features:It is the largest member of the genus Brachycerus.

Red Brocket (scientific name: Mazama americana) is called Red Brocket in English, Corzuela Colorado and Corzuela Roja in Spanish, and Veado-mateiro in Portuguese. There are 12 subspecies.Red Brocket is active during the day and at night, and often appears alone. The habitat they live in is conducive...

Mazama gouazoubira

Mazama gouazoubira

Mazama gouazoubira, Gray Brocket、Brown Brocket,Cabra Silvestre、Corzuela Común、Corzuela Parda、Guazu、Guazu Virá Corça、Veado-catingueiro

Features:Slightly smaller than the red shorthorn deer, with a straighter back and gray-brown to reddish-brown fur.

Gray Brocket (scientific name: Mazama gouazoubira) is called Gray Brocket and Brown Brocket in English, Cabra Silvestre, Corzuela Común, Corzuela Parda, Guazu, Guazu Virá in Spanish, and Corça and Veado-catingueiro in Portuguese. There are 11 subspecies.In the captive study area, the home ranges...

Hippocamelus bisulcus

Hippocamelus bisulcus

Hippocamelus bisulcus,Patagonian Huemul

Features:Has a large, black nose, small eyes, and large ears with white fur on the inside

Chilean Huemul (scientific name: Hippocamelus bisulcus), also known as Patagonian Huemul, is an endangered animal, one of the two species of the genus Hippocamelus, with no subspecies.Chilean red elk is a gregarious species. The number of elks in a gregarious group depends on the situation. It is us...

Hippocamelus antisensis

Hippocamelus antisensis

Hippocamelus antisensis

Features:The most prosperous group of ungulates besides Bovidae

The Peruvian horse moose, whose scientific name is Hippocamelus antisensis, is the most prosperous subfamily of the deer family and the most prosperous group of ungulates except the bovidae. Their bodies are stout and their limbs are short. During the summer, they inhabit high altitudes, gradually m...

Pudu puda

Pudu puda

Pudu puda,Southern Pudu

Features:The smallest deer in the world

Chilean Pudu (scientific name: Pudu puda) is called Southern Pudu in foreign language. It is the smallest deer in the world and has no subspecies.Chilean Pudu is a diurnal animal, but it is more active in the afternoon, evening and morning. It will go to open places to forage. The food is leaves, br...

Pudu mephistophiles

Pudu mephistophiles

Pudu mephistophiles,De Winton

Features:Antlers are short and have only a simple trunk

Pudu mephistophiles (De Winton) is also known as the northern Pudu deer.Pudu mephistophiles mainly eat understory plants in moist forests, including ferns and leaves. Because their food is full of water, they rarely drink water. They defecate in the same place, forming a pile of dung, which may be u...

Ozotoceros bezoarticus

Ozotoceros bezoarticus

Ozotoceros bezoarticus

Features:Male savannah deer have well-developed scent gland sacs on their hind legs

The scientific name of the steppe deer is Ozotoceros bezoarticus, which is an endangered deer species unique to South America. In spring, they often gather in small groups of 3 to 5, and live alone or in pairs in winter. It is small and looks unremarkable. However, the male steppe deer has developed...

Blastocerus dichotomus

Blastocerus dichotomus

Blastocerus dichotomus,Swamp Deer

Features:The largest deer in South America

The South American Swamp Deer (scientific name: Blastocerus dichotomus), also known as the swamp deer, is the largest deer in South America.The South American Swamp Deer is solitary or lives in groups of less than 6, but this changes according to the season and specific circumstances. They do not fo...

Odocoileus hemionus

Odocoileus hemionus

Odocoileus hemionus,Mule Deer、Black-tailed Deer、Cedros Island Mule Deer、Cedros Island Black-tailed Deer

Features:It is named after its mule-like ears.

Mule Deer (scientific name: Odocoileus hemionus) is also known as Mule Deer, Black-tailed Deer, Cedros Island Mule Deer, Cedros Island Black-tailed Deer, and has 11 subspecies. It is named after its mule-like ears and is also called black-tailed deer.Mule deer are like nomads, following water and gr...