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mammals

Mammals are an important group of vertebrates characterized by the presence of mothers feeding their offspring. Notable characteristics of mammals include lactation, body hair, endothermy (warm-blooded animals), and a four-chambered heart. There are many species of mammals, living in almost all ecosystems on Earth, from the deep sea to the mountains, from tropical rainforests to the cold polar regions.

  • scientific name:Mammalia

  • Features

    • suckle:Females have mammary glands that secrete milk to feed their young.

    • Body hair:Most mammals are covered with hair.

    • Endothermic:Maintaining a constant body temperature through metabolism.

    • Four-chambered heart:Mammals have four-chambered hearts to ensure efficient oxygen delivery.

    • viviparous:Most mammals reproduce by giving birth to live young, but some species, such as monotremes (e.g. the platypus), lay eggs.

  • Habitat:Almost all habitats on Earth, including land, ocean, fresh water, polar regions, etc.

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Mammal classification table

Mammals are numerous and can be subdivided based on different biological characteristics. Mammals are roughly divided into three subclasses:

  1. Monotremata: Oviparous mammals.

  2. Marsupialia: Kangaroos, koalas, etc., whose young continue to develop in a pouch outside the mother's body.

  3. Eutheria: Viviparous mammals, the most abundant species, including humans, lions, whales, etc.

The following is a detailed classification table of mammals, including all orders, families, genera and typical animals:

sortOrderFamilyGenusExamples
MonotremataMonotremataOrnithorhynchidaeOrnithorhynchusPlatypus, Echidna


TachyglossidaeEchidnaEchidna
MarsupialiaMarsupialiaMacropodidaeMacropusKangaroos, wombats, possums


PhascolarctidaePhascolarctoskoala


DasyuridaeDasyurusBandicoot, Tasmanian devil
EutheriaCarnivoraCanidaeCanisWolf, dog, fox


FelidaeFelisHouse cat, lion, tiger


UrsidaeUrsusBlack bear, brown bear, polar bear

PerissodactylaEquidaeEquusHorse, donkey, zebra


RhinocerotidaeRhinocerosWhite rhino, black rhino


TapiridaeTapirusTapirus

ArtiodactylaBovidaeBosCattle, antelopes, sheep


CervidaeCervusDeer, reindeer, sika deer


SuidaeSusWild boar, domestic pig

CetaceaBalaenidaeMegapteraHumpback whale, blue whale


DelphinidaeDelphinusDolphins, killer whales

PrimatesCercopithecidaePongoOrangutans, gibbons, monkeys


HominidaeHomoHumans, chimpanzees, orangutans

RodentiaSciuridaeSciurusSquirrels, Ground Squirrels


CastoridaeCastorbeaver


MuridaeMusHouse mouse, vole

ChiropteraVespertilionidaeMyotisSmall bat, big bat

LagomorphaLeporidaeOryctolagusRabbit, hare

Characteristics and Adaptations of Mammals

Mammals are one of the most diverse groups in the biological world. Here are the main characteristics of mammals and how they adapt:


1. Breastfeeding

A notable feature of mammals is that mothers secrete milk through their mammary glands to feed their offspring. This allows mammal cubs to receive adequate nutritional support after birth, increasing their survival rate.


2. Body hair

Almost all mammals have body hair, which not only helps to keep warm, but also plays a camouflage or display function in some species. For example, the white hair of polar bears helps them camouflage in the snow and reduce the risk of being discovered by prey.


3. Homeothermy

Mammals maintain a stable body temperature through metabolism, which allows mammals to maintain a suitable temperature regardless of changes in the outside temperature. This feature allows mammals to survive in a variety of environments, including extreme environments such as polar regions and deserts.


4. Viviparity

Most mammals reproduce by giving birth to live young, which allows the embryo to receive more stable nutritional support in the mother's body and be more viable after birth. Some species, such as kangaroos and koalas, adopt marsupial parenting.


5. Diet

Mammals have a variety of diets, from herbivorous to carnivorous and omnivorous. Some species (such as bats) have even evolved to suck blood. Different diets allow mammals to find living space in a variety of ecological environments.


Summary: Mammals are the most advanced animals with the most perfect physiological functions. There are more than 4,000 existing mammals. Almost all mammals are warm-blooded. Feeding their offspring with breast milk is one of their most notable characteristics. Mammals include nearly 30 orders, including Monotremes, Carnivores, Primates, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla.

Carnivora Primates Rodents Chiroptera Shrews Ungulata Cetacea Lagomorpha Pholidota Proboscidea Monotremata
Presbytis hosei

Presbytis hosei

Presbytis hosei,Ho's leaf monkey

Features:

Ho's leaf monkey, scientific name Presbytis hosei, moves in groups and is active during the day. It mainly feeds on tough leaves, but also eats fruits, flowers and insects. It is divided into four subspecies, one of which, Presbytis hosei canicrus, was declared extinct in its original range, nor...

Presbytis femoralis

Presbytis femoralis

Presbytis femoralis,Sarawak Surili, Bornean Banded Langur,Sarawak langur, Borneo langur

Features:There is a clear white stripe on the chest

The scientific name of the Indonesian langur is Presbytis femoralis, and its English name is Sarawak Surili, Bornean Banded Langur. It is generally believed that there are no more than 20 Indonesian langurs living in the tropical rainforests of Singapore. Studies in recent years have found that the...

Trachypithecus vetulus

Trachypithecus vetulus

Trachypithecus vetulus,Purple-faced Langur

Features:Have a relatively short thumb

Purple-faced Langur (Trachypithecus vetulus) has four subspecies.Purple-faced Langurs form small groups ranging in size from 3 to 16. The average group size is 8.4, with 8-9 being the most common. This is a diurnal, wooded species that rarely moves on the ground and only stays on the ground for shor...

Trachypithecus obscurus

Trachypithecus obscurus

Trachypithecus obscurus,Dusky Leaf-monkey,Dusky leaf monkey, spotted leaf monkey, spectacled leaf monkey

Features:The eyes are round and big, with a white ring around them, like wearing a pair of white-framed glasses

Dusky Leaf-monkey (scientific name: Trachypithecus obscurus) is also known as Dusky Leaf-monkey in English. It has 7 subspecies.The black leaf monkey is a social animal, with 2-12 individuals in each group, usually consisting of one or two mature male monkeys and multiple female monkeys and their of...

Trachypithecus laotum

Trachypithecus laotum

Trachypithecus laotum,Laotian Langur,Laotian langur

Features:White head with black face and a distinct and uniquely shaped black crest

Laotian Langur (scientific name: Trachypithecus laotum), also known as Laotian Langur, is distributed in the Lao People's Democratic Republic.The Laotian leaf monkey inhabits forested areas on steep hillsides, living on steep, often nearly vertical cliffs of karst limestone. Such hills can provi...

Trachypithecus johnii

Trachypithecus johnii

Trachypithecus johnii,Nilgiri Langur,Nilgiri black langur, Indian hooded langur, John's langur, Hooded langur, Black langur

Features:Dark brown coat with thick golden brown hair on the head

Indian black leaf monkey (scientific name: Trachypithecus johnii) foreign name Nilgiri Langur, no subspecies.Little is known about the biology of the Indian black leaf monkey. The young are mainly born between May and November, just after the monsoon brings fresh leaves. The species usually consists...

Trachypithecus hatinhensis

Trachypithecus hatinhensis

Trachypithecus hatinhensis,Hatinh Langur,Ha Tinh black leaf monkey

Features:The face has a distinctive white marking and has a distinct and uniquely shaped crest

The Vietnamese black leaf monkey (scientific name: Trachypithecus hatinhensis) is also known as Hatinh Langur in English. It is a monotypic species with no subspecies differentiation. Some primatologists believe that the Vietnamese black leaf monkey is a subspecies of the Laotian black leaf monkey....

Trachypithecus germaini

Trachypithecus germaini

Trachypithecus germaini,Indochinese Lutung,Germanic langur, Indonesian langur

Features:Has a black face surrounded by long gray-white hair

Indochinese black leaf monkey (scientific name: Trachypithecus germaini) foreign name Indochinese Lutung, no subspecies.Indochinese black leaf monkey likes to live in groups, in small groups, each group usually has 3-10 individuals. Mainly arboreal, usually active and foraging in the upper layers of...

Trachypithecus geei

Trachypithecus geei

Trachypithecus geei,Gee’s Golden Langur,Yellow-crowned langur, golden langur, golden long-tailed monkey

Features:Fur ranges from dark gold to light yellow to cream with a solid black face

Golden Langur (scientific name: Trachypithecus geei) is also known as Gee’s Golden Langur in English. There are 2 subspecies.Golden Langurs live in groups, with 2-12 in each group, usually consisting of one or two mature male monkeys and multiple female monkeys and their offspring. Active during th...

Trachypithecus delacouri

Trachypithecus delacouri

Trachypithecus delacouri,Delacour’s langur,De's black leaf monkey

Features:It is one of the 25 most endangered primates in the world.

Delacour’s langur (scientific name: Trachypithecus delacouri) is also known as Delacour’s langur, which is named after the leaves it feeds on.Delacourt's leaf monkeys are social animals with a strict population hierarchy. In a family group, there is a male, multiple females and their offspring...

Trachypithecus barbei

Trachypithecus barbei

Trachypithecus barbei,Tenasserim Lutung

Features:The face has a mild violet color

Burmese black leaf monkey (scientific name: Trachypithecus barbei) foreign name Tenasserim Lutung.Burmese black leaf monkey mainly lives in trees. They like to live in groups, in small groups, usually 3-10 in each group, and larger groups have about 20. They usually move and feed in the upper layers...

Trachypithecus auratus,

Trachypithecus auratus,

Trachypithecus auratus,Javan Lutung

Features:The whole body is black, with a black upright crown of hair on the top of the head

Javan Lutung (scientific name: Trachypithecus auratus) is called Javan Lutung in foreign language. There are two subspecies.Javan Lutung mainly lives in trees. They like to live in groups, usually 3-10 in each group, and the larger group has about 20. They usually move and feed in the upper layers o...

Semnopithecus priam

Semnopithecus priam

Semnopithecus priam,Tufted Gray Langur

Features:The hairs on the crown form a distinct tuft or crown.

Tufted Gray Langur (scientific name: Semnopithecus priam) is also known as Tufted Gray Langur. It has two subspecies. Its specific habits are unknown.Listed in the 2008 Red List of Endangered Species of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) ver 3.1 - Near Threatened (NT).Listed in the CITES Appendix I...

Semnopithecus hector

Semnopithecus hector

Semnopithecus hector,Tarai Gray Langur,Talai gray langur, Tarai gray langur, lesser mountain langur, gray langur

Features:

Hector's Gray Langur (scientific name: Semnopithecus hector), also known as Tarai Gray Langur, is a subspecies of the Indian Gray Langur.Hector's gray leaf monkeys usually like to form small groups of more than ten and spend 5 hours a day grooming each other. The call is relatively low, and...

Semnopithecus entellus

Semnopithecus entellus

Semnopithecus entellus,Northern Plains Gray Langur,Northern Plains Gray Langur, Bengal Long-tailed Langur, Hanuman Langur

Features:The cheek hair and eyebrows are well developed, and the name is derived from the length of the body or tail.

Indian Gray Langur (scientific name: Semnopithecus entellus) is called Northern Plains Gray Langur in foreign language, and has no subspecies.Indian Gray Langurs usually like to form small groups of more than ten or large groups of nearly 100, and spend 5 hours a day grooming each other. The call is...

Semnopithecus ajax

Semnopithecus ajax

Semnopithecus ajax,Kashmir Gray Langur

Features:

The specific habits of the Kashmir gray langur (Semnopithecus ajax) are unknown.Listed in the "Red List of Threatened Species of the World Conservation Union" (IUCN) 2015 ver 3.1-Endangered (EN).Listed in Appendix I, Appendix II and Appendix III of the Convention on International Trade in...

Procolobus verus

Procolobus verus

Procolobus verus,Olive Colobus,Van Beneden's red colobus, pale green colobus

Features:Olive green fur all over the body

Olive Colobus (scientific name: Procolobus verus) is the only colobus in the genus Procolobus.Olive Colobus is a diurnal species. It is arboreal and moves quickly between trees. They live in small groups of 5-20 individuals, with one adult male, some females and half of the immature young. Multiple...

Piliocolobus waldronae

Piliocolobus waldronae

Piliocolobus waldronae,Miss Waldron’s Red Colobus,Miss Wattung's Red Colobus Monkey

Features:

Waldron’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus waldronae) has been a subspecies of the Western Red Colobus since 1978. It is native to West Africa. It was thought to be extinct in 2000. However, new evidence suggests that there is a very small population of these monkeys living in the southeastern corner of C...

Piliocolobus tholloni

Piliocolobus tholloni

Piliocolobus tholloni,Tshuapa Red Colobus, Soler's red colobus

Features:

The Tshuapa Red Colobus (scientific name: Piliocolobus tholloni) was once a subspecies of the Tana River Red Colobus and was classified as an independent species in 2013. It mainly feeds on plant food such as leaves. Its thumb is degenerate, while its big toe is thick, and its hind limbs are usually...

Piliocolobus tephrosceles

Piliocolobus tephrosceles

Piliocolobus tephrosceles,Uganda Red Colobus,Red colobus monkey Ugandan subspecies

Features:

The scientific name of the Ugandan red colobus is Piliocolobus tephrosceles, and its foreign name is Uganda Red Colobus. It feeds on leaves, fruits, and flowers. Its specific habits are unknown.Listed in the "World Conservation Union" (IUCN) ver.: 2008 Red List of Primates - Endangered (EN...

Piliocolobus rufomitratus

Piliocolobus rufomitratus

Piliocolobus rufomitratus,Eastern Red Colobus,Eastern red colobus, Tana colobus

Features:One of the world's 25 most endangered primates

Tana River Red Colobus (scientific name: Piliocolobus rufomitratus) is called Eastern Red Colobus in foreign language, and has no subspecies.Tana River Red Colobus has a smaller family territory than other red colobus monkeys. The average family range is close to 9 hectares, with an average of 34-11...