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mammals

Mammals are an important group of vertebrates characterized by the presence of mothers feeding their offspring. Notable characteristics of mammals include lactation, body hair, endothermy (warm-blooded animals), and a four-chambered heart. There are many species of mammals, living in almost all ecosystems on Earth, from the deep sea to the mountains, from tropical rainforests to the cold polar regions.

  • scientific name:Mammalia

  • Features

    • suckle:Females have mammary glands that secrete milk to feed their young.

    • Body hair:Most mammals are covered with hair.

    • Endothermic:Maintaining a constant body temperature through metabolism.

    • Four-chambered heart:Mammals have four-chambered hearts to ensure efficient oxygen delivery.

    • viviparous:Most mammals reproduce by giving birth to live young, but some species, such as monotremes (e.g. the platypus), lay eggs.

  • Habitat:Almost all habitats on Earth, including land, ocean, fresh water, polar regions, etc.

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Mammal classification table

Mammals are numerous and can be subdivided based on different biological characteristics. Mammals are roughly divided into three subclasses:

  1. Monotremata: Oviparous mammals.

  2. Marsupialia: Kangaroos, koalas, etc., whose young continue to develop in a pouch outside the mother's body.

  3. Eutheria: Viviparous mammals, the most abundant species, including humans, lions, whales, etc.

The following is a detailed classification table of mammals, including all orders, families, genera and typical animals:

sortOrderFamilyGenusExamples
MonotremataMonotremataOrnithorhynchidaeOrnithorhynchusPlatypus, Echidna


TachyglossidaeEchidnaEchidna
MarsupialiaMarsupialiaMacropodidaeMacropusKangaroos, wombats, possums


PhascolarctidaePhascolarctoskoala


DasyuridaeDasyurusBandicoot, Tasmanian devil
EutheriaCarnivoraCanidaeCanisWolf, dog, fox


FelidaeFelisHouse cat, lion, tiger


UrsidaeUrsusBlack bear, brown bear, polar bear

PerissodactylaEquidaeEquusHorse, donkey, zebra


RhinocerotidaeRhinocerosWhite rhino, black rhino


TapiridaeTapirusTapirus

ArtiodactylaBovidaeBosCattle, antelopes, sheep


CervidaeCervusDeer, reindeer, sika deer


SuidaeSusWild boar, domestic pig

CetaceaBalaenidaeMegapteraHumpback whale, blue whale


DelphinidaeDelphinusDolphins, killer whales

PrimatesCercopithecidaePongoOrangutans, gibbons, monkeys


HominidaeHomoHumans, chimpanzees, orangutans

RodentiaSciuridaeSciurusSquirrels, Ground Squirrels


CastoridaeCastorbeaver


MuridaeMusHouse mouse, vole

ChiropteraVespertilionidaeMyotisSmall bat, big bat

LagomorphaLeporidaeOryctolagusRabbit, hare

Characteristics and Adaptations of Mammals

Mammals are one of the most diverse groups in the biological world. Here are the main characteristics of mammals and how they adapt:


1. Breastfeeding

A notable feature of mammals is that mothers secrete milk through their mammary glands to feed their offspring. This allows mammal cubs to receive adequate nutritional support after birth, increasing their survival rate.


2. Body hair

Almost all mammals have body hair, which not only helps to keep warm, but also plays a camouflage or display function in some species. For example, the white hair of polar bears helps them camouflage in the snow and reduce the risk of being discovered by prey.


3. Homeothermy

Mammals maintain a stable body temperature through metabolism, which allows mammals to maintain a suitable temperature regardless of changes in the outside temperature. This feature allows mammals to survive in a variety of environments, including extreme environments such as polar regions and deserts.


4. Viviparity

Most mammals reproduce by giving birth to live young, which allows the embryo to receive more stable nutritional support in the mother's body and be more viable after birth. Some species, such as kangaroos and koalas, adopt marsupial parenting.


5. Diet

Mammals have a variety of diets, from herbivorous to carnivorous and omnivorous. Some species (such as bats) have even evolved to suck blood. Different diets allow mammals to find living space in a variety of ecological environments.


Summary: Mammals are the most advanced animals with the most perfect physiological functions. There are more than 4,000 existing mammals. Almost all mammals are warm-blooded. Feeding their offspring with breast milk is one of their most notable characteristics. Mammals include nearly 30 orders, including Monotremes, Carnivores, Primates, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla.

Carnivora Primates Rodents Chiroptera Eulipotyphla Ungulata Cetacea Lagoiformes Pangolins Proboscidea Monotremata
Mustela nivalis

Mustela nivalis

Mustela nivalis,Least Weasel,Silver mouse, white mouse, Japanese weasel

Features:The back is brown or coffee-colored in summer and the belly is white, while the coat is white in winter.

Least Weasel (scientific name: Mustela nivalis) is also known as Least Weasel in foreign language. There are 7 subspecies.Least Weasel usually moves alone. They often go out to forage during the day. Their hunting areas are generally fixed. Unless food is extremely scarce, they will not leave their...

Mustela nigripes

Mustela nigripes

Mustela nigripes,Black-footed ferret,Black-footed ferret, black-footed ferret, dark-eyed ferret

Features:The only species of mustelid native to North America

Black-footed ferret (scientific name: Mustela nigripes) is a small carnivorous mammal native to North America and the only mustelid native to North America, with no subspecies.Black-footed ferret is a burrowing animal. Alert, flexible, active at night. The territory is about 50 hectares. Generally a...

Mustela lutreolina

Mustela lutreolina

Mustela lutreolina,ndonesian Mountain Weasel,Javan weasel, Indonesian mountain weasel

Features:The upper body has reddish brown fur, the lower body is slightly lighter

Indonesian Mountain Weasel (scientific name: Mustela lutreolina) Foreign name Indonesian Mountain Weasel, no subspecies.Little is known about the behavior of the Indonesian Mountain Weasel. Other weasels tend to be solitary and nocturnal, interacting only for breeding or territorial disputes. Since...

Mustela lutreola

Mustela lutreola

Mustela lutreola,European Mink,European water mink

Features:It is one of the most endangered mammals in Europe.

The European Mink (scientific name: Mustela lutreola) is a medium-sized mustelid with a total of 7 subspecies.The European Mink is a wanderer, occupying rivers up to 15 kilometers in length and rarely using the same cave. Females usually stay close to their dens, unless food is scarce, in which case...

Mustela kathiah

Mustela kathiah

Mustela kathiah,Yellow-bellied Weasel,Mushroom wolf, pine wolf, little yellow wolf

Features:The tail is long and thin, and the front and rear toes and pads are well developed.

Yellow-bellied Weasel (scientific name: Mustela kathiah) is also known as Yellow-bellied Weasel in English. There are 2 subspecies.Yellow-bellied Weasel lives in caves, mainly occupying the holes of other animals as nests, and sometimes also makes nests in stone piles, cemeteries or tree holes. It r...

Mustela itatsi

Mustela itatsi

Mustela itatsi,Japanese Weasel

Features:The fur on the upper body is usually golden yellow, with a lighter color on the belly and a darker color on the face.

Japanese weasel (scientific name: Mustela itatsi) is a species of weasel in the family Mustela, class Mammalia, with no subspecies.Japanese weasel (Mustela itatsi) is a mammal in the family Mustela, once considered a subspecies of weasel. However, in 2011, studies of the skull morphology, body shape...

Mustela frenata

Mustela frenata

Mustela frenata,Long-tailed Weasel、Bridled Weasel、Big Stoat,White-browed weasel, greater weasel

Features:The face is black with regular white patches, and the ears are large, upright, and slightly triangular.

Long-tailed Weasel (scientific name: Mustela frenata) is also known as Long-tailed Weasel, Bridled Weasel, Big Stoat, and has a total of 42 subspecies.Long-tailed weasels mostly live alone except during mating season; they have sharp vision and hearing, and are quick to move. Once disturbed, they di...

Mustela felipei

Mustela felipei

Mustela felipei,Colombian Weasel

Features:It has a slender body, short legs, a short head, dark brown upper body and tail, and orange underparts.

Colombian Weasel (scientific name: Mustela felipei) is the second smallest carnivore in the genus Mustela.Colombian Weasel is a species that needs high conservation priority due to the threat of habitat destruction and loss. At least five field expeditions in six distribution areas in Colombia have...

Mustela eversmanii

Mustela eversmanii

Mustela eversmanii,Aihu, ground dog, two-headed black, black-footed ferret

Features:The body is cylindrical, with brownish yellow on the back and light brown on the sides.

The scientific name of the mustela is Mustela eversmanii, and there are 5 subspecies.The mustela usually moves alone. It is nocturnal, but sometimes it moves during the day or at dawn and dusk. It has a fierce temperament and moves quickly. It is good at swimming and climbing. Its vision and hearing...

Mustela erminea

Mustela erminea

Mustela erminea,Stoat、Ermine、Short-tailed Weasel,Snow weasel, short-tailed weasel, short-tailed weasel

Features:Winter fur is pure white all over, with only the tail tip being black

Stoat (scientific name: Mustela erminea) Stoat, Ermine, Short-tailed Weasel, there are 37 subspecies.Stoats are nocturnal animals that start to be active at dusk, but can sometimes be seen during the day. Most of their activity ranges are closely related to the activities of their prey. They general...

Mustela africana

Mustela africana

Mustela africana,Amazon Weasel

Features:Dark brown stripes on abdomen

The scientific name of the Amazon Weasel is Mustela africana, and its foreign name is Amazon Weasel. There are 2 subspecies. The specific habits are unknown.Listed in the 2016 Red List of Endangered Species of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) ver 3.1-Least Concern (LC).Protect wild animals and st...

Mustela altaica

Mustela altaica

Mustela altaica,Mountain Weasel,Rat

Features:They are not good at digging holes and often use the holes of other animals such as rats as their nests.

Mustela altaica (scientific name: Mustela altaica) is a small to medium-sized weasel with 4 subspecies.Mustela altaica is mostly active alone, active during the day or at night, and is more active at dawn and dusk. It lives in caves. It likes to live in caves, but it is not good at digging holes. It...

Eira Barbara

Eira Barbara

Eira Barbara

Features:Apart from the otter, it is the largest mustelid in Latin America.

The scientific name of the fox stoat is Eira Barbara, a mustelid species native to Central America. It is the only species in the genus Eira Barbara and has 9 subspecies.The fox stoat is a species that lives alone or wanders around in pairs. Sometimes they form small groups of three or four, and the...

Martes pennanti

Martes pennanti

Martes pennanti,Fisher,Fishing cat, Pennant's marten, Pennant's cat

Features:It is shaped like a weasel and looks like a little bear.

Martes pennanti (scientific name: Martes pennanti) is also known as Fisher in English. There are 3 subspecies.Martes use "resting places" such as logs, hollow trees, stumps, and nests on the ground at all times of the year. Underground burrows are most commonly used in winter, while tree n...

Martes melampus

Martes melampus

Martes melampus,Japanese Marten

Features:Fur coloration ranges from yellow-brown to dark brown with white to cream patches across the neck

Japanese Marten (scientific name: Martes melampus) has three subspecies.Subadult Japanese martens generally establish territories immediately after maturity. The average area for males is 0.70 square kilometers, and the average area for females is 0.63 square kilometers, with less than 10% overlap b...

Martes martes

Martes martes

Martes martes,Pine Marten,Lin Diao

Features:A creamy white to yellow bib on the throat

Pine marten (scientific name: Martes martes) is a medium-sized carnivore, about the size of a domestic cat, with 8 subspecies.Pine martens build nests in tree holes or shrubs. They are mainly active at night or dusk. Their claws can be semi-retracted, allowing them to live in trees. Tree holes are t...

Martes gwatkinsii

Martes gwatkinsii

Martes gwatkinsii,Nilgiri Marten,Gray's marten, Yellow-throated marten Indian subspecies

Features:It is named for the distinctive yellow-orange throat spot on the front chest.

Nilgiri Marten (scientific name: Martes gwatkinsii) is a medium-sized carnivore with no subspecies. Before 1992, this species was a subspecies of the yellow-throated marten and was classified as an independent species in 1995.The Nilgiri marten likes to move at dawn and dusk, but often appears durin...

Martes americana

Martes americana

Martes americana,American Marten

Features:The head is bright gray, the back is grayish brown, and the throat and abdomen have irregular pale yellow or apricot red spots.

American Marten (scientific name: Martes americana) is a small to medium-sized mammal with 13 subspecies.American Marten is generally solitary. It lives in trees and can move easily in trees. It also often moves on the ground. It can swim. It does not hibernate. Mainly active at night. They use a st...

Ursus americanus,

Ursus americanus,

Ursus americanus,American Black Bear,North American black bear

Features:It is the largest bear in existence and ranks third in size among bears, smaller than polar bears and brown bears.

American black bear (scientific name: Ursus americanus) is a large bear with 16 subspecies.American black bears are solitary animals. Their activity time varies depending on where they live and the season. In spring, they often go out to look for food at dawn or dusk, and in summer they spend a lot...

Tremarctos ornatus

Tremarctos ornatus

Tremarctos ornatus,Andean Bear,Andean bear

Features:It is named after the pair of glasses-like circles around the eyes.

Spectacled bear (scientific name: Tremarctos ornatus) is also known as Andean Bear. It is the only bear species in South America and has no subspecies.Spectacled bears migrate by movement, with a range of 7-27 square kilometers. These bears are unlikely to be highly territorial, as they have been ob...

Bassaricyon gabbii

Bassaricyon gabbii

Bassaricyon gabbii

Features:It is the first canine raccoon species discovered.

Bassaricyon gabbii is the first dog raccoon discovered.Bassaricyon gabbii feeds on a variety of fruits, vegetables, fish, frogs, mice, birds and insects. They curl up in their dens during the day and come out to look for food at night. They like to hunt fish, shrimps and insects near the water in st...