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Birds: different species, definitions, photos, and more

Birds are advanced vertebrates that are adapted to life on land and in the air. Birds in China are divided into six categories: waterfowl, wading birds, climbing birds, land birds, raptors, and songbirds. These six categories are collectively referred to as the six major ecological groups of birds. There are many species of birds, spread all over the world, and the ecology is diverse. There are more than 9,020 known bird species in existence, and more than 1,400 species in China.

Birds (Aves) are a unique category of vertebrates, known for their feathers covering their entire body, their ability to fly, and their ability to lay eggs. Birds are the only existing animals with feathers and play an important role in biodiversity and ecosystems.

  • Scientific name: Aves

  • Main features:

    1. Feathers: Feathers are a unique feature of birds and are used for flight, insulation and display.

    2. Homothermia: Birds are warm-blooded animals and can survive in a variety of environments.

    3. Flight ability: Most birds can fly, but there are exceptions (such as ostriches and penguins).

    4. Oviparous: Birds reproduce by laying eggs, which have hard shells.

    5. Beak: Birds have no teeth, and their beaks are adapted to different feeding needs.

  • Ecological role:

    • Pollination, seed dispersal, pest control.

    • An important link in the food chain.

  • Evolutionary history:

    • Birds originated from dinosaurs in the Mesozoic era (about 150 million years ago).

    • Archaeopteryx is considered an important transitional species between birds and dinosaurs.


Bird classification table

Birds include about 30 orders, covering more than 10,000 known species. The following is a detailed classification of birds, including major orders, families, genera and typical representatives.


Classification levelOrderFamilyGenusRepresentative birds (Examples)
Land birds
GalliformesPhasianidaePheasant (Phasianus)pheasant, peacock


Guinea fowl (Numididae)Guinea fowl (Numida)guinea fowl


MeleagrididaeMeleagrisTurkey
WaterfowlAnseriformesAnatidaeAnasWild duck, swan



BrantaBranta
Birds of preyFalconiformesFalconidaeFalcoSaker Falcon, Peregrine Falcon

AccipitriformesAccipitridaeAquilagolden eagle, vulture



MilvusRed kite, black kite
Wading birdsCiconiiformesStorks (Ciconiidae)CiconiaWhite stork, black stork

PelecaniformesPelecanidaePelecanusWhite Pelican, Brown Pelican


FregatidaeFregatafrigate bird
SongbirdsPasseriformesPasseridaePasserHouse sparrow, mountain sparrow


HirundinidaeHirundoBarn swallow, sand swallow


PsittacidaePsittacusafrican gray parrot
seabirdsCharadriiformesLaridaeLarusHerring Gull, Black-backed Gull


Plovidae (Charadriidae)CharadriusGolden Plover, Ring-necked Plover

Albatross (Procellariiformes)Albatross family (Diomedeidae)Albatross (Diomedea)Wandering Albatross
Climbing birdsWoodpeckers (Piciformes)Woodpeckers (Picidae)Woodpecker (Dendrocopos)Great Spotted Woodpecker

Buddha, Dharma and Sangha (Coraciiformes)CoraciiformesCoraciasBlue-breasted Buddha monk
Penguin categoryPenguin Order (Sphenisciformes)Penguin family (Spheniscidae)Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis)Emperor Penguin, Adélie Penguin

Main evolutionary history of birds

Origin

Birds originated from dinosaurs and are descendants of theropod dinosaurs. Archaeopteryx from the Mesozoic Era (about 150 million years ago) is the earliest known bird fossil, with dinosaur teeth and bird feathers, and is regarded as a transitional species between birds and dinosaurs.

Evolution and Diversity

  1. Cenozoic Flourish: After the extinction of the dinosaurs, birds underwent rapid adaptive radiation evolution, expanding into a variety of ecological niches.

  2. Flight and Adaptation: Birds have lightweight skeletons and streamlined bodies, which provide an evolutionary advantage for flight.

  3. Global Distribution: There are more than 10,000 existing species of birds, distributed in almost all habitats on Earth.


Ecological Roles of Birds

  1. Pollination and Seed Dispersal: Birds such as hummingbirds and parrots maintain plant diversity by pollinating and dispersing seeds.

  2. Pest Control: Woodpeckers and swallows control insect populations, which helps agriculture.

  3. Ecological Balance: Birds of prey such as eagles and falcons are at the top of the food chain and maintain the stability of the ecosystem.


Bird Conservation Status

  1. Habitat Loss: Deforestation and wetland destruction threaten bird survival.

  2. Climate Change: Climate change affects the reproduction and habitat of migratory birds.

  3. Conservation Actions: Bird sanctuaries, such as crane sanctuaries and wetland restoration projects, have been established around the world.


Conclusion

Birds are among the most diverse and adaptable animals on Earth. From songbirds to raptors, from land to sea, birds have demonstrated extraordinary evolutionary adaptability. Through this detailed classification list and bird introduction, users can gain in-depth knowledge of the evolutionary history, classification, and important role of birds in the ecosystem. This not only helps spread knowledge, but also provides a scientific basis for bird protection.

Waterfowl Wading birds Climbing birds Landfowl Bird of prey Songbird
Pternistis harwoodi

Pternistis harwoodi

Pternistis harwoodi,Harwood's Francolin

Features:The crown is brown, the upper jaw is black, but the tip and base are red

Hai's colored partridge (scientific name: Pternistis harwoodi) foreign name Harwood' s Francolin, no subspecies.The partridge usually searches the river banks for a variety of dense vegetation, but can easily enter nearby farmland in the early morning hours. Once these birds emerge from thei...

Pternistis hartlaubi

Pternistis hartlaubi

Pternistis hartlaubi,Hartlaub's Francolin

Features:The upper body of the male is mottled light brown/brown, while the lower body of the female is cinnamon (not white) without stripes

Hartlaub (scientific name: Pternistis hartlaubi) foreign name Hartlaub' s Francolin, no subspecies.The partridge is often found in relatively dense areas of grass and brush. Occurs in pairs or in family groups of 3-4 individuals, unless chirping, usually hidden among boulders. It feeds on plant...

Pternistis griseostriatus

Pternistis griseostriatus

Pternistis griseostriatus,Grey-striped Francolin

Features:The forehead and crown are black, the nape chestnut brown, and the ear feathers gray

The Grey-striped Francolin (Pternistis griseostriatus) has no subspecies.The grey partridge likes to sing from the edge of a boulder or cliff in its territory. Usually alone. It consists of shoots, seeds, small beans, cassava, and large fruits of plants, as well as insects (including termites) and i...

Pternistis erckelii

Pternistis erckelii

Pternistis erckelii,Erckel's Francolin

Features:The forehead and side of the crown are black, the crown and nape chestnut brown, and the beak and legs are grayish black

Brown top colored partridge (scientific name: Pternistis erckelii) foreign name Erckel' s Francolin, no subspecies.Brown-topped partridges like to sing from the edge of boulders or cliffs in their territory. Usually alone. It feeds on plant bulbs and bulbs, seeds, berries and shoots, as well as...

Pternistis clappertoni

Pternistis clappertoni

Pternistis clappertoni,Clapperton's Francolin

Features:The eye sockets are red, the forehead and crown are black, and there are long white eyebrows

The red-orbital colored Partridge (scientific name: Pternistis clappertoni) foreign name Clapperton' s Francolin, there are 6 subspecies.Partridges love to sing, and their vocalizations are highest in the early morning and late afternoon. Usually alone. It feeds on seeds and berries of plants, s...

Pternistis castaneicollis

Pternistis castaneicollis

Pternistis castaneicollis,Chestnut-naped Francolin

Features:The forehead is black and the belly is milky white, similar to the Kenyan colored partridge

Chestnut-naped Francolin (Pternistis castaneicollis) has three subspecies.The chestnut pillow-colored partridge primarily calls early in the morning and late in the evening, especially in males, in a loud "kawar-kawar" and "kek kek kek" sound, thought to be a duet between partner...

Pternistis capensis

Pternistis capensis

Pternistis capensis,Cape Francolin

Features:It is generally black with distinctive white stripes and swirly feathers

South African colored partridge (Pternistis capensis) foreign name Cape Francolin, no subspecies.South African coloured partridges call mainly in the early morning and late evening, especially in males, as a loud clamor or cluck. It feeds on plant bulbs and bulbs, seeds, berries and shoots, as well...

Pternistis camerunensis

Pternistis camerunensis

Pternistis camerunensis,Cameroon Francolin

Features:The beak and legs are red

The camerunensis species is Cameroon Francolin (Pternistis camerunensis), without subspecies.Cameroonian colored partridge feeds mainly on berries, grass seeds and insects. Flying into a tree or running around in panic to avoid danger instead of flying.The Cameroonian colored partridge is endangered...

Pternistis bicalcaratus

Pternistis bicalcaratus

Pternistis bicalcaratus,Double-spurred Francolin

Features:The forehead has black striped feathers, with broad white brow lines and radiating spots below the neck

The Double-spurred Francolin (Pternistis bicalcaratus) has three subspecies.The partridge is an opportunist living in west Africa. Its diet is closely related to the habitat environment and seasonal changes. It mainly eats dry rhizoids and tubers, and also eats plant seeds and insects. When in dange...

Pternistis atrifrons

Pternistis atrifrons

Pternistis atrifrons,Black-fronted Francolin

Features:The throat feathers have black and white radial plumage

The Black-fronted colored partridge (Pternistis atrifrons) is known as black-fronted Francolin and has no subspecies.The black-fronted partridge feeds on plant seeds, as well as insects such as termites (isoptera). A bird that can occasionally fly short distances. When in danger, he prefers running...

Pternistis ahantensis

Pternistis ahantensis

Pternistis ahantensis,Ahanta Francolin

Features:The chest and abdomen feathers are black and white, and the cheeks are bare and hairless

The brown top coloured partridge (Pternistis ahantensis) is known as Ahanta Francolin and has two subspecies.Brown-topped partridges are flyers and occasionally can fly short distances. Live in pairs or small groups. They do not fly unless they are in danger, but if they feel in danger, most of the...

Pternistis afer

Pternistis afer

Pternistis afer,Red-necked Francolin

Features:Has a distinctive scarlet throat and bare facial skin red

The red-throated colored partridge (Pternistis afer) is known as Red-necked Francolin and has seven subspecies. A bird that can occasionally fly short distances. Omnivorous. Feeds on insects, plant matter and seeds. They source most of their food by digging. This species is strictly monogamous, main...

Pternistis adspersus

Pternistis adspersus

Pternistis adspersus,Red-billed Francolin

Features:There are quite prominent and very sharp yellow circles under the eyes

The Red-billed Francolin (Pternistis adspersus) has two subspecies. It's a bird. It can occasionally fly short distances. Omnivorous. Feeds on insects, plant matter and seeds. They source most of their food by digging. This species is strictly monogamous, maintaining mating for life.Listed on th...

Polyplectron schleiermacheri

Polyplectron schleiermacheri

Polyplectron schleiermacheri,Bornean Peacock-pheasant

Features:

The Bornean Peacock pheasant (Latin name: Polyplectron schleiermacheri) is a rare and little-known species of the genus Polyplectron. Specific habits are unknown.Due to continued habitat loss, low numbers and limited distribution, the Bornean peacock pheasant is listed as endangered by the Internati...

Polyplectron napoleonis

Polyplectron napoleonis

Polyplectron napoleonis,Palawan Peacock-pheasant

Features:It is the most peacock-like pheasant of the genus.

Polyplectron napoleonis (formerly Polyplectron emphanum), also known as the Palawan peacock pheasant, is a medium sized pheasant. Specific habits are unknown.Due to continued habitat loss, low numbers and limited distribution, as well as hunting, the Barawang peacock is classified as vulnerable by t...

Polyplectron malacense

Polyplectron malacense

Polyplectron malacense,Malay Peacock-pheasant

Features:The body is brown with black spots, and the crest is long and dark blue-green

The Malay Peacock pheasant (Polyplectron malacense) is a medium sized pheasant with no subspecies.Malay peacock pheasants often live alone or in pairs, mostly on the wet ground where the forest is dense and the vegetation under the forest is more developed, and the activities are more frequent in th...

Polyplectron inopinatum

Polyplectron inopinatum

Polyplectron inopinatum,Mountain Peacock Pheasant

Features:

Polyplectron inopinatum, Mountain Peacock Pheasant often live alone or in pairs, mostly on the wet ground with dense forests and well-developed understory vegetation, with frequent activities in the morning and afternoon. Sex is alert and timid. Male birds are particularly cautious when they are act...

Polyplectron germaini

Polyplectron germaini

Polyplectron germaini,Germain's Peacock-pheasant

Features:The upper body and half of the tail feathers have large purple-blue eye spots

Polyplectron germaini is a medium sized pheasant. Endemic to Indochina Peninsula. The pheasant was named after the French colonial surgeon Louis Rodolphe Germain. According to mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA tests, it was confirmed that the eye spotted peacock pheasant belonged to the same clade a...

Polyplectron chalcurum

Polyplectron chalcurum

Polyplectron chalcurum,Bronze-tailed Peacock Pheasant

Features:

Polyplectron chalcurum, foreign name Bronze-tailed Peacock Pheasant, often live alone or in pairs, mostly in dense forests, underforest vegetation more developed damp ground, in the morning and afternoon activities more frequent. Sex is alert and timid. Male birds are particularly cautious when they...

Phasianus versicolor

Phasianus versicolor

Phasianus versicolor,Green Pheasant

Features:It is the national bird of Japan

The Green Pheasant (Phasianus versicolor) is a species endemic to Japan, and its species name "versicolor" means "color-changing" or "color-diverse". The Green pheasant was once listed as a subspecies of pheasant (Phasianus colchicus versicolor) by ornithologists, and w...

Perdix perdix

Perdix perdix

Perdix perdix,Grey Partridge

Features:It is a medium sized grayish brown quail

Grey Partridge (Perdix perdix) is known as Grey Partridge and has eight subspecies.Gray partridge usually flocks except during the breeding season. Either a family group or a larger group consisting of a family group. They usually live in groups of 5 to 15 animals. The male quack, ki-errr-ik, ki-err...