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Lagoiformes

Lagoiformes is an order of mammals, with two families: Leporidae and Ochotonidae. Lagoiformes are typical herbivores, feeding on tender branches and leaves of herbs and trees, and some even nibble on bark in winter, and generally do not drink water. They are distributed in large areas of Asia, Europe, Africa, North America and South America.

I. Introduction to the Order Lagomorpha

1. Key Characteristics:

  • Double Upper Incisors: Unlike rodents, lagomorphs have two pairs of upper incisors (a larger front pair and a small peg-like pair behind it).

  • Herbivorous Diet and Hindgut Fermentation: Lagomorphs are primarily herbivorous, possessing a well-developed cecum that helps digest fibrous plant material.

  • High Reproductive Rate and Wide Distribution: Many lagomorphs breed rapidly and are adaptable to various habitats, from grasslands and forests to deserts and alpine regions.

  • Morphological Variation: This order includes rabbits and hares with relatively long ears and limbs, and pikas, which are smaller with short ears.

2. Diversity and Distribution:

  • There are about 90 extant species in the order Lagomorpha, widely distributed across most continents (except Antarctica and certain isolated islands, aside from human introductions).

  • The order comprises two extant families: Leporidae (rabbits and hares) and Ochotonidae (pikas). Another family, Prolagidae, is extinct.


II. Evolutionary History

1. Origins and Relationships:

  • Historically, lagomorphs were once grouped with rodents, but differences in dental and molecular characteristics led to their recognition as a separate order.

  • Fossil evidence suggests lagomorph origins date back to the late Eocene to early Oligocene (around 34 million years ago), diverging from a common ancestor shared with rodent-like mammals.

2. Geographic Expansion and Adaptive Radiation:

  • As climates changed and land connections formed, lagomorphs spread across Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas.

  • Different lineages adapted to diverse environments: pikas thrive in cold, alpine and steppe habitats, while rabbits and hares inhabit grasslands, deserts, and forests.

3. Human Interactions:

  • Rabbits and hares have long been important as game animals, domestic livestock, and cultural symbols.

  • The European rabbit, introduced to Australia and other regions, exemplifies how introduced lagomorphs can have significant ecological impacts.


III. Classification Overview

Order Lagomorpha
Two primary extant families: Ochotonidae (pikas) and Leporidae (rabbits and hares). An extinct family, Prolagidae, also belongs here.

Family Ochotonidae (Pikas)

FamilyGenusExample SpeciesNotes
OchotonidaeOchotonaOchotona curzoniae (Plateau pika), Ochotona princeps (American pika)Small, short-eared lagomorphs found in Asia and North America, often in alpine or rocky habitats.

(Note: Ochotonidae has only one extant genus, Ochotona, with over 30 species.)

Family Leporidae (Rabbits and Hares)

FamilyGenusExample SpeciesNotes
LeporidaeOryctolagusOryctolagus cuniculus (European rabbit)Ancestor of the domestic rabbit, widely introduced worldwide.

SylvilagusSylvilagus floridanus (Eastern cottontail)Common in the Americas, known for the white “cotton” tail.

LepusLepus californicus (Black-tailed jackrabbit), Lepus arcticus (Arctic hare)Long ears, strong runners, widespread in various habitats.

RomerolagusRomerolagus diazi (Volcano rabbit)Endemic to Mexico’s volcanic regions, small and short-eared.

CaprolagusCaprolagus hispidus (Hispid hare)Found in South Asia’s tall grasslands, endangered due to habitat loss.

BrachylagusBrachylagus idahoensis (Pygmy rabbit)Smallest North American rabbit, inhabits sagebrush steppe.

PentalagusPentalagus furnessi (Amami rabbit)Endemic to Japan’s Amami Islands, considered a “primitive” lagomorph, endangered.

PoelagusPoelagus marjorita (Bunyoro rabbit)Central African forests and savannas.

BunolagusBunolagus monticularis (Riverine rabbit)Rare South African species associated with riverine habitats, endangered.

(Note: There are additional genera within Leporidae; the above are representative examples.)

Extinct Families

FamilyGenusNotes
Prolagidae (Extinct)ProlagusOnce lived around the Mediterranean region, e.g., Prolagus sardus in Sardinia, now extinct in the Holocene.

IV. Summary

Lagomorphs stand apart from rodents due to unique dental features (an extra pair of upper incisors) and other morphological and genetic traits. Their evolutionary history reveals a lineage that diverged in the Paleogene, adapting to a wide range of environments.

From pikas in cold, rocky habitats to rabbits and hares occupying grasslands, deserts, and forests, the order Lagomorpha illustrates how a relatively small group of herbivorous mammals can diversify. Understanding the families, genera, and representative species provides insight into their biological characteristics, ecological roles, and evolutionary significance.

Carnivora Primates Rodents Chiroptera Eulipotyphla Ungulata Cetacea Lagoiformes Pholidota Proboscidea Monotremata
Ladakh pika

Ladakh pika

Ladakh pika

Features:The type locality of this species is Ladakh, Kashmir.

The taxonomic status of the Ladakh pika is relatively stable. However, due to the small number of specimens, the research is not in-depth, and the ecological research is almost blank. Therefore, it is a species that is little known. From the distribution habitat, its habitat is a hilly plateau surfa...

Lepus yarkandensis

Lepus yarkandensis

Lepus yarkandensis, South Xinjiang rabbit, hare, Shache rabbit

Features:Smaller in size, lighter in fur, larger in ears, with non-black ear tips.

The classification status of the Tarim rabbit is stable, but there is a lot of controversy about which species group it belongs to. The number of Tarim rabbits is small. They adapt to a dry climate with little rain (annual rainfall is less than 100mm) and small oases with summer temperatures as high...

Lepus tolai

Lepus tolai

Lepus tolai,Hare, Central Asian rabbit, Steppe rabbit

Features:There is a long and wide black spot in the center of the back of the tail, and the edges and the ventral side of the tail are pure white, extending to the base of the tail.

Mongolian rabbits are active both day and night, but are most active at dusk. The number of Mongolian rabbits is relatively small. In the plains, Mongolian rabbits mostly live in semi-desert and desert steppes, oases, or Artemisia grass steppes with halophytes, and in the woods, canal banks, fallow...

Lepus timidus

Lepus timidus

Lepus timidus,White rabbit, color-changing rabbit, blue rabbit

Features:The distinctive feature is its short tail, and it is the only hare in China whose fur turns white in winter.

The snow hare is the earliest rabbit species to be named. The species classification is stable, but there are many subspecies and some confusion. This species is very cold-resistant and lives in the taiga forest in the Arctic Circle or close to the Arctic. The snow hare is one of the representative...

Lepus tibetanus

Lepus tibetanus

Lepus tibetanus,Tibetan hare, Tibetan hare, desert hare

Features:The fur color on the back varies, from sandy yellow and black in the summer to grayish brown or sandy brown in the winter as the fur thickens.

The classification status of the Tibetan rabbit is very confusing. It was not until 1930 that it was considered an independent species. Later, it was listed as a subspecies of the plateau rabbit (<Lepus oiostolus>), and was also listed as a subspecies of the Mongolian rabbit (<Lepus tolai&g...

Lepus sinensis

Lepus sinensis

Lepus sinensis,Mountain rabbit, short-eared rabbit, woolly rabbit, hare

Features:The ears are short, folded forward and only reach the front edge of the eye socket.

The classification of South China rabbit is somewhat controversial. The Korean rabbit (Lepus coreanus) distributed on the Korean Peninsula was once included in this species. However, the Korean rabbit has a relatively longer tail.South China rabbit is a pure herbivorous animal, eating various weeds,...

Lepus oiostolus

Lepus oiostolus

Lepus oiostolus,Gray-tailed rabbit, Fluffy rabbit

Features:The hair on the buttocks is short and gray, the black stripes on the tail are unclear, and the hair color is also light.

Plateau rabbits are herbivorous animals. In agricultural areas, they feed on young stems, buds, flowers, fruits, tubers and various weeds of crops. Many types of crops are harmed, such as wheat, beans and vegetables. 80%~90% of its food is various crops, and weeds only account for 10%~20%. In pastor...

Lepus mandshuricus

Lepus mandshuricus

Lepus mandshuricus,Grass rabbit, mountain rabbit, black rabbit, mountain jump

Features:The distinctive feature is the striking black tint. Some individuals have a slightly dark rusty brown color.

This species is controversial in classification. It was once considered to be the Northeast Black Rabbit (<Ochotona melaninus>) and was also included in the Japanese Short-tailed Rabbit (<Lepus brachyurus>). It mainly lives in forests. It is herbivorous and sometimes eats tree bark.North...

Lepus oiostolus

Lepus oiostolus

Lepus oiostolus,Southwest rabbit, Yunnan rabbit

Features:Yunnan rabbit dried feces can be used as medicine, with a pungent and flat nature. It has the functions of detoxification, insecticide, eye-clearing and cataract removal. It is mainly used to treat red eyes, malnutrition and hemorrhoid fistula.

In the past, Yunnan rabbits were long considered a subspecies of the plateau rabbit (Lepus oiostolus). Mr. Luo Zexun, a famous rabbit scientist in my country (1981), finally recognized Yunnan rabbits as an independent species, which was later widely recognized. There are three subspecies, and whethe...

Ochotona coreana

Ochotona coreana

Ochotona coreana

Features:The back of the body is dark brown; the fur on the waist and back is darker, and the black tone is more obvious.

The Changbai Mountain pika belongs to the <Pika> subgenus. It has a narrow distribution range. It was first discovered in northern Korea as an independent species. Later, it was considered a subspecies of the alpine pika. Liu Shaoying et al. (2016) found it to be an independent species through...

Ochotona pallasi

Ochotona pallasi

Ochotona pallasi,Daurian pika, Pascal's pika, rabbit mouse, rabbit, crying rabbit, Mongolian pika, Daurian pika, Mongolian pika

Features:The body is medium-sized and relatively stout. The body color is lighter, sandy brown. The ears are large and round, and the upper lip is split vertically like a rabbit.

The Mongolian pika belongs to the subgenus <Pika>, and its classification is very confusing. Sometimes the Mongolian pika produced in Ningxia is regarded as an independent species - Ningxia pika (<Ochotona argentata>), but molecular systematic studies have found that the Ningxia pika is...

Ochotona mantchurica

Ochotona mantchurica

Ochotona mantchurica

Features:

The Manchurian pika belongs to the subgenus <Pika>, and its classification status is very confusing. It was previously a subspecies of the Northeastern pika. Russian scientists (Lissovsky, 2012) regarded it as an independent species, but we doubt the accuracy of this classification and further...

Ochotona alpina

Ochotona alpina

Ochotona alpina

Features:Because its tooth structure, eating habits and behavior are similar to those of rabbits, it is named pika.

The Alpine Pika belongs to the subgenus <Pika>, and its taxonomic status is stable, but it is easily confused with the Northeastern Pika (<Ochotona hyperborea>). The Northeastern Pika used to be a synonym of the Alpine Pika, and there are many subspecies and synonyms of the Alpine Pika,...

Ochotona roylei

Ochotona roylei

Ochotona roylei

Features:Its body shape is similar to that of a big-eared pika, and its forehead is dyed rusty brown.

The gray mouse rabbit belongs to the subgenus <Conothoa>, and its species-level classification status is stable. However, it is often confused with the big-eared mouse rabbit (<Ochotona macrotis>) in identification, especially because the color variation of the two species is large, and...

Ochotona macrotis

Ochotona macrotis

Ochotona macrotis,Steppe pika, Mongolian pika, Dauri rabbit, Pika, Singing mouse, Moss

Features:The appearance is stout, the ears are round and large, and there is no white burr.

The big-eared mouse rabbit belongs to the subgenus <Conothoa> and is a larger species. It is easy to be confused with the gray mouse rabbit in classification. Their differences are mainly in the measurement of the skull. The auditory bulla of the big-eared mouse rabbit is relatively large, whi...

Ochotona koslowi

Ochotona koslowi

Ochotona koslowi,Ochotonus

Features:The Koch pika is the oldest relict species among the more than 20 existing species of pikas, and is one of the largest species in the genus Pika.

The Kochia pika belongs to the subgenus <Conothoa> and is very rare. It was first collected by a Russian officer in 1884 when he crossed the Keriya Pass from Tibet to the Tarim Basin. It was named by another Russian scientist in 1894. But there has been no record since then. It was not until 1...

Ochotona himalayana

Ochotona himalayana

Ochotona himalayana

Features:There are beige patches behind the ears and less ear hair.

The Himalayan pika belongs to the subgenus <Conothoa>. The species was published by Chinese scientist Feng Zuojian in 1973, but its taxonomic status is controversial. At present, most studies believe that this species is a synonym of the gray pika (<Ochotona raylei>). Liu Shaoying et al....

Ochotona forresti

Ochotona forresti

Ochotona forresti,Yunnan pika, gray-necked pika

Features:There are ring-shaped dark silver-gray spots or gray patches on the back of the neck and upper shoulders.

The gray-necked pika belongs to the subgenus <Conothoa>. The classification of this species is rather confusing. The reddish-brown gray-necked pika in Gaoligong Mountain was once regarded as a new species - Gaoligong pika (<Ochotona gaoligongensis>). Molecular biological research results...

Ochotona gloveri

Ochotona gloveri

Ochotona gloveri

Features:The ears are reddish brown, and the nose is also reddish brown. The ear and nose features are unique to this species.

The Sichuan pika belongs to the subgenus <Conothoa> and was once classified as a synonym of the red-eared pika. In Muli, Sichuan, a new subspecies (<O. gloveri muliensis>) was once named. Later, many people regarded it as an independent species. Liu Shaoying et al. (2016) confirmed throu...

Chinese pika

Chinese pika

Chinese pika

Features:Gray spots above the eyes

The Chinese pika belongs to the subgenus <Conothoa>. The species was first published by Thomas (1911) as a subspecies of the gray pika (<Ochotona roylei chinensis>). After the publication, no scientist has collected and studied this taxon. Russian scientist Lissovsky (2013) believed that...

Ochotona erythrotis

Ochotona erythrotis

Ochotona erythrotis,Red-eared rabbit

Features:The color of the coat on the body of the red-eared pika changes significantly with the seasons.

Red-eared pika belongs to the subgenus <Conothoa>. There is some controversy in classification. Red-eared pika was once merged into red pika (<Ochotona rultila>). Liu Shaoying et al. (2016) confirmed it as an independent species. Red-eared pika is the most beautiful pika. It has a specia...