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mammals

Mammals are an important group of vertebrates characterized by the presence of mothers feeding their offspring. Notable characteristics of mammals include lactation, body hair, endothermy (warm-blooded animals), and a four-chambered heart. There are many species of mammals, living in almost all ecosystems on Earth, from the deep sea to the mountains, from tropical rainforests to the cold polar regions.

  • scientific name:Mammalia

  • Features

    • suckle:Females have mammary glands that secrete milk to feed their young.

    • Body hair:Most mammals are covered with hair.

    • Endothermic:Maintaining a constant body temperature through metabolism.

    • Four-chambered heart:Mammals have four-chambered hearts to ensure efficient oxygen delivery.

    • viviparous:Most mammals reproduce by giving birth to live young, but some species, such as monotremes (e.g. the platypus), lay eggs.

  • Habitat:Almost all habitats on Earth, including land, ocean, fresh water, polar regions, etc.

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Mammal classification table

Mammals are numerous and can be subdivided based on different biological characteristics. Mammals are roughly divided into three subclasses:

  1. Monotremata: Oviparous mammals.

  2. Marsupialia: Kangaroos, koalas, etc., whose young continue to develop in a pouch outside the mother's body.

  3. Eutheria: Viviparous mammals, the most abundant species, including humans, lions, whales, etc.

The following is a detailed classification table of mammals, including all orders, families, genera and typical animals:

sortOrderFamilyGenusExamples
MonotremataMonotremataOrnithorhynchidaeOrnithorhynchusPlatypus, Echidna


TachyglossidaeEchidnaEchidna
MarsupialiaMarsupialiaMacropodidaeMacropusKangaroos, wombats, possums


PhascolarctidaePhascolarctoskoala


DasyuridaeDasyurusBandicoot, Tasmanian devil
EutheriaCarnivoraCanidaeCanisWolf, dog, fox


FelidaeFelisHouse cat, lion, tiger


UrsidaeUrsusBlack bear, brown bear, polar bear

PerissodactylaEquidaeEquusHorse, donkey, zebra


RhinocerotidaeRhinocerosWhite rhino, black rhino


TapiridaeTapirusTapirus

ArtiodactylaBovidaeBosCattle, antelopes, sheep


CervidaeCervusDeer, reindeer, sika deer


SuidaeSusWild boar, domestic pig

CetaceaBalaenidaeMegapteraHumpback whale, blue whale


DelphinidaeDelphinusDolphins, killer whales

PrimatesCercopithecidaePongoOrangutans, gibbons, monkeys


HominidaeHomoHumans, chimpanzees, orangutans

RodentiaSciuridaeSciurusSquirrels, Ground Squirrels


CastoridaeCastorbeaver


MuridaeMusHouse mouse, vole

ChiropteraVespertilionidaeMyotisSmall bat, big bat

LagomorphaLeporidaeOryctolagusRabbit, hare

Characteristics and Adaptations of Mammals

Mammals are one of the most diverse groups in the biological world. Here are the main characteristics of mammals and how they adapt:


1. Breastfeeding

A notable feature of mammals is that mothers secrete milk through their mammary glands to feed their offspring. This allows mammal cubs to receive adequate nutritional support after birth, increasing their survival rate.


2. Body hair

Almost all mammals have body hair, which not only helps to keep warm, but also plays a camouflage or display function in some species. For example, the white hair of polar bears helps them camouflage in the snow and reduce the risk of being discovered by prey.


3. Homeothermy

Mammals maintain a stable body temperature through metabolism, which allows mammals to maintain a suitable temperature regardless of changes in the outside temperature. This feature allows mammals to survive in a variety of environments, including extreme environments such as polar regions and deserts.


4. Viviparity

Most mammals reproduce by giving birth to live young, which allows the embryo to receive more stable nutritional support in the mother's body and be more viable after birth. Some species, such as kangaroos and koalas, adopt marsupial parenting.


5. Diet

Mammals have a variety of diets, from herbivorous to carnivorous and omnivorous. Some species (such as bats) have even evolved to suck blood. Different diets allow mammals to find living space in a variety of ecological environments.


Summary: Mammals are the most advanced animals with the most perfect physiological functions. There are more than 4,000 existing mammals. Almost all mammals are warm-blooded. Feeding their offspring with breast milk is one of their most notable characteristics. Mammals include nearly 30 orders, including Monotremes, Carnivores, Primates, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla.

Carnivora Primates Rodents Chiroptera Shrews Ungulata Cetacea Lagomorpha Pholidota Proboscidea Monotremata
African savanna elephant

African savanna elephant

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach

Features:The largest living land animal on Earth

The name of the African elephant was given by Baron George Couvier (Johann Friedrich Blumenbach) in 1825. Because its molars have diamond-shaped crowns, the genus name of the African elephant, "Loxodonta", evolved from the word "losange". It is produced in Africa and lives in a v...

Proboscidea, Elephantidae, Loxodonta

Proboscidea, Elephantidae, Loxodonta

Proboscidea, Elephantidae, Loxodonta

Features:A narrow white band across the thighs, darker tail and limbs, and a tuft of white hair on the chin

The scientific name of the Cercopithecus neglectus is Cercopithecus neglectus. Because of its excellent tree-climbing ability, even the most agile animals find it difficult to catch it. It feeds on seeds and fruits. It is the only monkey in the family Cercopithecus that uses monogamy.Listed in the &...

Cercopithecus mitis

Cercopithecus mitis

Cercopithecus mitis,Blue Monkey、Diademed Monkey

Features:The fur is mainly blue

The scientific name of the blue monkey is Cercopithecus mitis, and its foreign names are Blue Monkey and Diademed Monkey. It moves in groups and feeds on wild fruits, leaves, bamboo shoots, crabs, frogs and other animals and plants.Listed in the IUCN Red List of Primates, ver.: 2008 - Low Concern (L...

Cercopithecus hamlyni

Cercopithecus hamlyni

Cercopithecus hamlyni,Hamlyn’s Monkey,Hamlin's monkey, owl-faced monkey

Features:Owl-like appearance

Owl-faced long-tailed monkey (scientific name: Cercopithecus hamlyni) is also known as Hamlyn’s Monkey in English. It has 2 subspecies.Owl-faced long-tailed monkeys live in trees and appear on cliffs in the forests on both sides of the river valley. They often move in groups and forage at dawn and...

Cercopithecus erythrogaster

Cercopithecus erythrogaster

Cercopithecus erythrogaster,White-throated Monkey,Red-bellied Vervet Monkey

Features:Red patches on the abdomen

The scientific name of the red-throated monkey is Cercopithecus erythrogaster, and its foreign name is White-throated Monkey. It lives in the top of the forest canopy and is a social animal. It consists of family groups of 5-50 monkeys, and there are also small groups of single male monkeys. These m...

Cercopithecus diana

Cercopithecus diana

Cercopithecus diana,Diana Monkey,Diana's monkey, Diana's monkey

Features:The cheeks and body are mostly black, there is a white stripe on the thigh, and there is a red patch on the back

Diana's long-tailed monkey (scientific name: Cercopithecus diana) is also known as Diana Monkey in English. It is a tree-dwelling long-tailed monkey with two subspecies.Diana's long-tailed monkey is a diurnal animal. They live in trees during the day and rarely come to the ground. They will...

Chlorocebus tantalus

Chlorocebus tantalus

Chlorocebus tantalus, Tantalus Monkey, Vervet tantale,Vervet de Tántalo,Tantalus-Grünmeerkatze、Tantalus-Meerkatze,Tantalus monkey

Features:It is a very intelligent animal.

Tantalus green monkey (scientific name: Chlorocebus tantalus) English Tantalus Monkey, French Vervet tantale, Spanish Vervet de Tántalo, German Tantalus-Grünmeerkatze, Tantalus-Meerkatze, is a medium-sized monkey.The size of the Tantalus green monkey home range varies depending on the number of cl...

Chlorocebus aethiops

Chlorocebus aethiops

Chlorocebus aethiops,Green Monkey、Western Green Monkey,Green Vervet Monkey, Gray Grass Monkey

Features:70% of green monkeys carry AIDS-like pathogen

Green Monkey (scientific name: Chlorocebus aethiops) is also known as Green Monkey and Western Green Monkey in foreign languages. It has no subspecies.Green monkeys often move on the ground. They are gregarious. They are good at climbing, running, and swimming. There are large differences in the siz...

Chlorocebus pygerythrus

Chlorocebus pygerythrus

Chlorocebus pygerythrus,Vervet,Blue-bellied Green Monkey

Features:Blue and white abdomen

Green monkey (scientific name: Chlorocebus pygerythrus) is called Vervet in foreign language, and has 5 subspecies.Green monkey often moves on the ground. It is gregarious. It is good at climbing, running, and swimming. Populations vary widely, with groups ranging in size from 7 to 80 individuals. F...

Chlorocebus djamdjamensis

Chlorocebus djamdjamensis

Chlorocebus djamdjamensis,Bale Monkey

Features:Males have brightly colored genitals

Bale Mountain Green Monkey (scientific name: Chlorocebus djamdjamensis) is also known as Bale Monkey in English. It is a medium-sized monkey.Bale Mountain Green Monkey often moves on the ground. Sociable. They are good at climbing, running, and swimming. There are large differences in the population...

Chlorocebus cynosuros

Chlorocebus cynosuros

Chlorocebus cynosuros,Malbrouck Monkey,Angola black-faced green monkey

Features:Black cheeks, flesh-colored spots under eyes, hairless, olive-brown fur

Malbrouck Monkey (scientific name: Chlorocebus cynosuros) is a medium-sized monkey.Malbrouck Monkey often moves on the ground. It is gregarious. It is good at climbing, running, and swimming. Populations vary widely, with groups ranging in size from 7 to 80 individuals. Female Marlbrook green monkey...

Chlorocebus sabaeus

Chlorocebus sabaeus

Chlorocebus sabaeus,Grivet Monkey,Tantalus green monkey, Steppe green monkey

Features:The whole body is covered with thick golden fur with green hues, and the face is black.

Black-faced green monkey (scientific name: Chlorocebus sabaeus) is also known as Grivet Monkey in English. There are 3 subspecies.Black-faced green monkeys often move on the ground. They are gregarious. They are good at climbing, running, and swimming. The populations vary widely, with groups rangin...

Miopithecus talapoin

Miopithecus talapoin

Miopithecus talapoin,Foreign name Southern Talapoin Monkey,Angola pygmy monkey, southern pygmy monkey

Features:It is one of two small monkeys of the genus Vervet.

Southern Talapoin Monkey (Scientific name: Miopithecus talapoin) Foreign name Southern Talapoin Monkey, is one of the two small monkeys in the genus Miopithecus, with sexual dimorphism.Pygmy monkeys live in large groups, usually 60-100, but often gather in groups of more than 100 near villages to st...

Miopithecus ogouensis

Miopithecus ogouensis

Miopithecus ogouensis,Northern Talapoin Monkey,Northern pygmy monkey

Features:The body fur is gray-green, and the lower abdomen is slightly white.

Gabonese pygmy monkey (scientific name: Miopithecus ogouensis), also known as Northern Talapoin Monkey, was once a subspecies of pygmy monkey and was designated as an independent species in 1997.Gabonese pygmy monkeys live in large groups, usually 60-100, but often gather in groups of more than 100...

Allenopithecus nigroviridis

Allenopithecus nigroviridis

Allenopithecus nigroviridis,Allen's Swamp Monkey,Dark green long-tailed monkey

Features:It looks quite sturdy, and its skeleton is somewhat similar to that of a baboon.

Allenopithecus nigroviridis (scientific name: Allen's Swamp Monkey) is the only species of the genus Allenopithecus in the family Primates.Allenopithecus nigroviridis is a diurnal animal that forages on the ground. It lives in groups, with up to 40 monkeys in a group, and is usually divided into...

Lagothrix flavicauda

Lagothrix flavicauda

Lagothrix flavicauda,Peruvian Yellow-tailed,Yellow woolly monkey

Features:One of the world's most endangered primates

Peruvian Yellow-tailed (Lagothrix flavicauda) is a diurnal monkey that likes to live in groups. It often lives in small groups with capuchins, howler monkeys and other monkeys. It usually walks on all fours and moves slowly. It also often uses its hands, feet and tail, or just its tail to swing on t...

Lagothrix lagotricha

Lagothrix lagotricha

Lagothrix lagotricha,Common woolly monkey, Humboldt woolly monkey

Features:Thick body with protruding abdomen

The scientific name of woolly monkeys is Lagothrix lagotricha. They are diurnal and like to live in groups. They often live in small groups with capuchins, howler monkeys and other monkeys. They usually walk on all fours and move slowly. They often use their hands, feet and tail, or just their tail...

northern muriqui

northern muriqui

northern muriqui,Northern woolly spider monkey

Features:The structure and appearance are between the woolly monkey and the spider monkey.

The northern muriqui is extremely rare and is one of the most endangered primates.The northern muriqui mainly feeds on leaves and branches, but also eats fruit, often using its dangling tail to eat while hanging upside down. Female monkeys are more independent than male monkeys, and they leave the g...

Ateles marginatus

Ateles marginatus

Ateles marginatus,White-cheeked spider monkey,Amazon spider monkey

Features:Long white hair on cheeks and forehead

The Amazon spider monkey's scientific name is Ateles marginatus. It is named because of its slender limbs. When it moves on the tree, it looks like a giant spider from a distance. It has dense hair, a small round head, and a tail that is longer than its body length, up to 80 cm, and is very enta...

Ateles hybridus

Ateles hybridus

Ateles hybridus,Spotted spider monkey,Brown spider monkey

Features:There is a white triangular patch on the forehead

The brown spider monkey, scientifically known as Ateles hybridus, is also known as the spotted spider monkey. It is a critically endangered species of spider monkey and a type of New World monkey.Although the brown spider monkey spends most of its time in trees, it occasionally comes down the mounta...

Ateles geoffroyi

Ateles geoffroyi

Ateles geoffroyi,Red spider monkey

Features:Hands and feet are usually black

Black-handed spider monkey (scientific name Ateles geoffroyi) is a arboreal primate that lives in groups. It mainly feeds on fruits, but also eats leaves, flowers, seeds, bark, honey, and small insects.Black-handed spider monkeys can reproduce throughout the year, with a gestation period of 7-8 mont...