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mammals

Mammals are an important group of vertebrates characterized by the presence of mothers feeding their offspring. Notable characteristics of mammals include lactation, body hair, endothermy (warm-blooded animals), and a four-chambered heart. There are many species of mammals, living in almost all ecosystems on Earth, from the deep sea to the mountains, from tropical rainforests to the cold polar regions.

  • scientific name:Mammalia

  • Features

    • suckle:Females have mammary glands that secrete milk to feed their young.

    • Body hair:Most mammals are covered with hair.

    • Endothermic:Maintaining a constant body temperature through metabolism.

    • Four-chambered heart:Mammals have four-chambered hearts to ensure efficient oxygen delivery.

    • viviparous:Most mammals reproduce by giving birth to live young, but some species, such as monotremes (e.g. the platypus), lay eggs.

  • Habitat:Almost all habitats on Earth, including land, ocean, fresh water, polar regions, etc.

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Mammal classification table

Mammals are numerous and can be subdivided based on different biological characteristics. Mammals are roughly divided into three subclasses:

  1. Monotremata: Oviparous mammals.

  2. Marsupialia: Kangaroos, koalas, etc., whose young continue to develop in a pouch outside the mother's body.

  3. Eutheria: Viviparous mammals, the most abundant species, including humans, lions, whales, etc.

The following is a detailed classification table of mammals, including all orders, families, genera and typical animals:

sortOrderFamilyGenusExamples
MonotremataMonotremataOrnithorhynchidaeOrnithorhynchusPlatypus, Echidna


TachyglossidaeEchidnaEchidna
MarsupialiaMarsupialiaMacropodidaeMacropusKangaroos, wombats, possums


PhascolarctidaePhascolarctoskoala


DasyuridaeDasyurusBandicoot, Tasmanian devil
EutheriaCarnivoraCanidaeCanisWolf, dog, fox


FelidaeFelisHouse cat, lion, tiger


UrsidaeUrsusBlack bear, brown bear, polar bear

PerissodactylaEquidaeEquusHorse, donkey, zebra


RhinocerotidaeRhinocerosWhite rhino, black rhino


TapiridaeTapirusTapirus

ArtiodactylaBovidaeBosCattle, antelopes, sheep


CervidaeCervusDeer, reindeer, sika deer


SuidaeSusWild boar, domestic pig

CetaceaBalaenidaeMegapteraHumpback whale, blue whale


DelphinidaeDelphinusDolphins, killer whales

PrimatesCercopithecidaePongoOrangutans, gibbons, monkeys


HominidaeHomoHumans, chimpanzees, orangutans

RodentiaSciuridaeSciurusSquirrels, Ground Squirrels


CastoridaeCastorbeaver


MuridaeMusHouse mouse, vole

ChiropteraVespertilionidaeMyotisSmall bat, big bat

LagomorphaLeporidaeOryctolagusRabbit, hare

Characteristics and Adaptations of Mammals

Mammals are one of the most diverse groups in the biological world. Here are the main characteristics of mammals and how they adapt:


1. Breastfeeding

A notable feature of mammals is that mothers secrete milk through their mammary glands to feed their offspring. This allows mammal cubs to receive adequate nutritional support after birth, increasing their survival rate.


2. Body hair

Almost all mammals have body hair, which not only helps to keep warm, but also plays a camouflage or display function in some species. For example, the white hair of polar bears helps them camouflage in the snow and reduce the risk of being discovered by prey.


3. Homeothermy

Mammals maintain a stable body temperature through metabolism, which allows mammals to maintain a suitable temperature regardless of changes in the outside temperature. This feature allows mammals to survive in a variety of environments, including extreme environments such as polar regions and deserts.


4. Viviparity

Most mammals reproduce by giving birth to live young, which allows the embryo to receive more stable nutritional support in the mother's body and be more viable after birth. Some species, such as kangaroos and koalas, adopt marsupial parenting.


5. Diet

Mammals have a variety of diets, from herbivorous to carnivorous and omnivorous. Some species (such as bats) have even evolved to suck blood. Different diets allow mammals to find living space in a variety of ecological environments.


Summary: Mammals are the most advanced animals with the most perfect physiological functions. There are more than 4,000 existing mammals. Almost all mammals are warm-blooded. Feeding their offspring with breast milk is one of their most notable characteristics. Mammals include nearly 30 orders, including Monotremes, Carnivores, Primates, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla.

Carnivora Primates Rodents Chiroptera Shrews Ungulata Cetacea Lagomorpha Pholidota Proboscidea Monotremata
Cebus olivaceus

Cebus olivaceus

Cebus olivaceus, Guinan Weeper Capuchin、Wedge-capped Capuchin、 Weeper Capuchin,Sapajou pleurer, Capuchino Oliva, Brauner Kapuzineraffe, Wedge-capped Capuchin

Features:There is a black to dark grey "wedge-shaped cap" that starts between the eyes and extends from the forehead back to the top of the head

Black-banded Capuchin (scientific name: Cebus olivaceus) English Guinan Weeper Capuchin, Wedge-capped Capuchin, Weeper Capuchin, French Sapajou pleurer, Spanish Capuchino Oliva, German Brauner Kapuzineraffe, no subspecies.Black-banded capuchins are very social animals, living in groups of about 10-3...

Cebus malitiosus,

Cebus malitiosus,

Cebus malitiosus,Santa Marta White-fronted Capuchin,Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin monkey

Features:There is a round black spot on the top of the head, and the cheeks are peachy

Santa Marta White-fronted Capuchin (scientific name: Cebus malitiosus), foreign name Santa Marta White-fronted Capuchin, no subspecies. Specific habits are unknown.Listed in the "Red List of Threatened Species of the World Conservation Union" (IUCN) 2015 ver3.1-Endangered (EN).Listed in Ap...

Cebus cuscinus

Cebus cuscinus

Cebus cuscinus, Shock-headed Capuchin, Machin de Cara Blanca

Features:There is a round black spot on the top of the head

Cebus cuscinus (Scientific name: Cebus cuscinus) English Shock-headed Capuchin, Spanish Machin de Cara Blanca, no subspecies. The helmeted capuchin is a slender capuchin monkey distributed in Bolivia, Brazil and Peru. Hershkovitz listed 13 subspecies of the white-fronted capuchin (C.albifrons Humbol...

Cebus aequatorialis

Cebus aequatorialis

Cebus aequatorialis, Ecuadorian White-fronted Capuchin、 Ecuadorian Capuchin, Machín Blanco de Occidente、 Mono Capuchino,Ecuadorian white-fronted capuchin monkey

Features:Light brown on back, white underneath

Ecuadorian Capuchin (scientific name: Cebus aequatorialis) English: Ecuadorian White-fronted Capuchin, Ecuadorian Capuchin, Spanish: Machín Blanco de Occidente, Mono Capuchino, no subspecies.Ecuadorian capuchins live in groups of about 5-20 individuals, with females slightly outnumbering them in mo...

Cebus capucinus

Cebus capucinus

Cebus capucinus, Colombian White-throated Capuchin、 White-faced Capuchin、White-headed Capuchin、 White-throated Capuchin,Sapajou capucin, Capuchino de Cara Blanca de Colombia,Weißschulter-Kapuzineraffe

Features:The back and hindquarters are solid black, the cheek skin is tan, and the head is covered with a black cap.

White-faced Capuchin (scientific name: Cebus capucinus) English Colombian White-throated Capuchin, White-faced Capuchin, White-headed Capuchin, White-throated Capuchin, French Sapajou capucin, Spanish Capuchino de Cara Blanca de Colombia, German Weißschulter-Kapuzineraffe, there are 2 subspecies.Th...

Cebus brunneus

Cebus brunneus

Cebus brunneus,Venezuelan Brown Capuchin、Brown Weeper Capuchin, Capuchino de Venezuela、capuchino、capuchino venezolano、 mono、 mono capuchino、 mono capuchino norteño、mono común, mono pardo, Venezuela-Ka

Features:There is a dark brown wedge-shaped crown on the forehead

Brown-capped capuchin (scientific name: Cebus brunneus) English Venezuelan Brown Capuchin, Brown Weeper Capuchin, Spanish Capuchino de Venezuela, capuchino, capuchino venezolano, mono, mono capuchino, mono capuchino norteño, mono común, mono pardo, German Venezuela-Kapuzineraffe, no subspecies.The...

Cebus albifrons

Cebus albifrons

Cebus albifrons,White-fronted Capuchin,White-fronted monkey

Features:White hair on forehead and heart-shaped black tuft on top of head

White-fronted Capuchin, also known as Cebus albifrons, lives in trees in tropical forests and rarely comes to the ground except for drinking water. It is agile, good at jumping and swimming. It lives in family-style groups, and each group has its own territory. Some like to eat fruits, leaves and fl...

Saguinus tripartitus

Saguinus tripartitus

Saguinus tripartitus

Features:

The scientific name of the golden-bearded tamarin is Saguinus tripartitus. It lives in trees and groups. It forages during the day and rests in tree holes at night. It is omnivorous, with fruits as its main food. It also eats insects, nectar and plant juices, and occasionally eats small vertebrates....

Saguinus pileatus

Saguinus pileatus

Saguinus pileatus,Red-cap Moustached Tamarin

Features:Red patches on the head

Red-cap Moustached Tamarin, scientific name Saguinus pileatus, foreign name Red-cap Moustached Tamarin, eats fruits, nuts and other plant foods, also eats insects, spiders, frogs, small lizards and bird eggs. It has sharp vision, followed by hearing and smell. It is active during the day and lives i...

Saguinus oedipus

Saguinus oedipus

Saguinus oedipus,Cotton-headed Tamarin,Cotton-top tamarin, Cotton-top tamarin

Features:It is named after the hair on the top of the head.

Cotton-headed Tamarin (scientific name: Saguinus oedipus) is also known as Cotton-headed Tamarin in English. It is about the same size as a marmoset.The food types and lifestyle of the cashmere-top tamarin are similar to those of ordinary marmosets. They mainly live on the edge of tropical forests,...

Saguinus imperator

Saguinus imperator

Saguinus imperator,Emperor Tamarin,Emperor tamarin, Emperor tamarin, Long-bearded tamarin, Black-breasted tamarin, Emperor tamarin, Emperor tamarin

Features:White beard reaching to shoulders

Emperor Tamarin (scientific name: Saguinus imperator) is also known as Emperor Tamarin in English. It has two subspecies.The emperor tamarin has sharp vision, but poor hearing and smell. It lives in the upper canopy of the rainforest almost all its life and rarely moves on the ground, because food c...

Leontopithecus rosalia

Leontopithecus rosalia

Leontopithecus rosalia,Golden Lion Tamarin

Features:The whole body is covered with golden velvety soft long hair

Golden Lion Tamarin (scientific name: Leontopithecus rosalia) is also known as Golden Lion Tamarin in English. There are no subspecies. There are about 1,000 Golden Lion Tamarins in the wild and 500 in captivity.Golden lion tamarins are diurnal arboreal animals. They are active and lively, with keen...

Leontopithecus chrysopygus

Leontopithecus chrysopygus

Leontopithecus chrysopygus,Black Lion Tamarin,Golden-rumped lion tamarin, yellow-tailed lion tamarin, golden-rumped lion tamarin, golden-rumped lion tamarin

Features:Reddish-gold fur in varying degrees on the lower back, rump, thighs, and base of the tail

Black Lion Tamarin (scientific name: Leontopithecus chrysopygus) is also known as Black Lion Tamarin, and has no subspecies.The black lion tamarin is a diurnal arboreal animal. It is active and lively, with keen vision, hearing and smell. It is agile and extremely agile. It can leap from one tree to...

Leontopithecus chrysomelas

Leontopithecus chrysomelas

Leontopithecus chrysomelas,Golden-headed Lion Tamarin

Features:The hair around the face is orange, and the body hair is shiny black

Golden-headed Lion Tamarin (scientific name: Leontopithecus chrysomelas), foreign name Golden-headed Lion Tamarin, no subspecies.Golden lion tamarins are diurnal arboreal animals. They are active and lively, with keen vision, hearing and smell. They are agile and extremely agile. They can leap from...

Leontopithecus caissara

Leontopithecus caissara

Leontopithecus caissara,Black-faced Lion Tamarin

Features:The lion-like crest on the head is brushed back, and the face is black.

The Black-faced Lion Tamarin (scientific name: Leontopithecus caissara) was once a subspecies of the Golden Lion Tamarin and was classified as an independent species by the IUCN in 1990.The black-faced lion tamarin is a diurnal arboreal animal. It is active and lively, with keen vision, hearing and...

Cebuella pygmaea

Cebuella pygmaea

Cebuella pygmaea,Pygmy Marmoset,Pygmy marmoset, squirrel monkey, bird monkey

Features:The smallest primate in South America

The scientific name of the pygmy marmoset is Cebuella pygmaea, and its foreign name is Pygmy Marmoset. There are two subspecies. It is a small monkey that lives in the tropical rainforests of South America and looks and behaves like a squirrel.The pygmy marmoset likes to live in the higher parts of...

Callithrix jacchus

Callithrix jacchus

Callithrix jacchus,Common Marmoset

Features:The skin on your face changes color in the sun

Common Marmoset (scientific name: Callithrix jacchus) is called Common Marmoset in English. There are 2 subspecies.Common Marmoset is active during the day, mainly climbing and jumping on trees, and sometimes appears on flat ground. They form groups of 4-15 individuals, usually a family. Groups are...

Callithrix flaviceps

Callithrix flaviceps

Callithrix flaviceps,Yellow-crowned tamarin

Features:The tufts on the head and ears are light yellow

The yellow-crowned marmoset (Callithrix flaviceps) is a species of marmoset endemic to Brazil.Yellow-crowned marmosets eat fruits, nuts and other plant foods, as well as insects, spiders, frogs, small lizards and bird eggs. Some species collect food with their hands, but do not put it directly into...

Rio Acari marmosets

Rio Acari marmosets

Rio Acari marmosets

Features:A species that looks more like humans than gorillas

The Rio Acari marmosets is one of seven new species of monkeys discovered in the Amazon between 1999 and 2009. Currently, residents in remote areas of the central Amazon basin in Brazil often keep this monkey as a pet.Akari marmosets usually live in forests that have not been damaged by humans, so i...

Callimico goeldii

Callimico goeldii

Callimico goeldii

Features:It is named because of the 2 to 3 light brown rings at the base of the tail.

The scientific name of the ring-tailed monkey is Callimico goeldii, which is a rare small monkey.Ring-tailed monkeys live in groups in the middle layers of trees, with 20 to 30 in each group. They are agile during the day and are difficult to catch. They mainly eat fruits, leaves, insects, bird eggs...

Propithecus verreauxi

Propithecus verreauxi

Propithecus verreauxi

Features:One of the largest lemurs

The scientific name of Verreauxi's crowned lemur is Propithecus verreauxi, and there is no subspecies.Verreauxi's crowned lemurs generally live in small groups, foraging in the morning and evening, and resting during the day. Their only way of moving on land is jumping.The mating season for...