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Rodents

Rodents are an order of mammals. They have only one pair of incisors in the upper and lower jaws and like to gnaw on hard objects. Rodents are generally small, most of them are active at night or at dawn and dusk, and many species have strong reproductive capacity. Rodents account for about 40% to 50% of mammals. They can be said to be the most successful branch in the evolution of vertebrates. The number of individuals far exceeds the total number of all other groups. They are almost everywhere in the world except Antarctica and a few islands.


I. Introduction to Rodentia

1. General Characteristics:

  • Specialized Incisors: Rodents are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing, chisel-shaped incisors in both the upper and lower jaws. The enamel is typically only present on the front surface, keeping the edge sharp through the animal’s gnawing activities.

  • Reduced Dentition: Between the incisors and cheek teeth (premolars and molars), there is a conspicuous toothless gap (diastema). No canine teeth are present.

  • Dietary Diversity: Most rodents are herbivorous or omnivorous, feeding on seeds, nuts, fruits, leaves, and sometimes insects.

  • Global Distribution: Rodents are found almost everywhere on Earth except Antarctica, inhabiting a broad range of environments—from cold tundra to tropical rainforests, deserts, and grasslands.

2. Diversity and Abundance:

  • Rodentia is the largest order of mammals, comprising about 40% of all mammalian species. Over 2,500 rodent species have been described, illustrating their remarkable evolutionary success and adaptive radiation.


II. Evolutionary History

1. Origins and Fossil Record:

  • Rodents likely originated in the late Paleocene to early Eocene (approximately 56 million years ago). Early fossil rodents appear around the same time as early primates.

  • The Eocene saw the initial diversification and geographic spread of rodents.

2. Geographic Radiation:

  • Rodents dispersed across continents via land bridges and continental drift. Over millions of years, they adapted to diverse habitats, leading to remarkable variety: from burrowing naked mole-rats in Africa to tree-dwelling squirrels, semi-aquatic beavers, and jumping jerboas in arid regions.

3. Paleogene and Neogene Proliferation:

  • By the Oligocene and Miocene, many modern rodent families had emerged, setting the stage for today’s global distribution and immense diversity.


III. Classification Overview

The taxonomy of Rodentia is complex and continually refined. The traditional classification relies heavily on jaw and skull morphology and muscular arrangements. Below is a commonly referenced framework, which may differ slightly from more recent molecular-based classifications. It includes major suborders and families, with some representative genera or species.

Order Rodentia

SuborderSuperfamilyFamilyRepresentative Genera/Species
Sciuromorpha-Aplodontiidae (Sewellel)Mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa)

-Sciuridae (Squirrels)Squirrels (Sciurus), Chipmunks (Tamias), Marmots (Marmota)

-Gliridae/Myoxidae (Dormice)Garden dormouse (Eliomys), Forest dormouse (Dryomys)
Castorimorpha-Castoridae (Beavers)North American beaver (Castor canadensis), Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber)

-Geomyidae (Pocket gophers)Geomys, Thomomys

-Heteromyidae (Kangaroo rats & relatives)Kangaroo rats (Dipodomys), Pocket mice (Perognathus)
Anomaluromorpha-Anomaluridae (Scaly-tailed squirrels)Scaly-tailed flying squirrels (Anomalurus)

-Pedetidae (Springhares)Springhare (Pedetes capensis)
MyomorphaDipodoidea (Jerboas & allies)Dipodidae (Jerboas)Jerboas (Jaculus), Birch mice (Sicista)

Muroidea (Mice, Rats, Hamsters, Voles)Platacanthomyidae (Spiny dormice)Spiny dormice (Platacanthomys)


Spalacidae (Mole-rats, Bamboo rats)Blind mole-rats (Spalax), Bamboo rats (Rhizomys)


Calomyscidae (Mouse-like hamsters)Mouse-like hamsters (Calomyscus)


Nesomyidae (African rodents)African giant pouched rats (Cricetomys), Rock mice (Petromyscus)


Cricetidae (Hamsters, New World voles & mice)Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), Deer mouse (Peromyscus), Vole (Microtus)


Muridae (True mice, rats, gerbils)House mouse (Mus musculus), Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Hystricomorpha-Ctenodactylidae (Gundis)Gundi (Ctenodactylus)

-Diatomyidae (Laotian rock rat)Laotian rock rat (Laonastes aenigmamus)

-Bathyergidae (African mole-rats)Naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber)

-Hystricidae (Old World porcupines)African porcupine (Hystrix), Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica)

-Petromuridae (Dassie rat)Dassie rat (Petromus)

-Thryonomyidae (Cane rats)Cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus)

-Erethizontidae (New World porcupines)North American porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum)

-Chinchillidae (Chinchillas & viscachas)Chinchilla (Chinchilla), Viscacha (Lagidium)

-Dinomyidae (Pacarana)Pacarana (Dinomys branickii)

-Caviidae (Guinea pigs, Capybaras)Guinea pig (Cavia), Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)

-Dasyproctidae (Agoutis)Agouti (Dasyprocta)

-Cuniculidae (Pacas)Paca (Cuniculus paca)

-Ctenomyidae (Tuco-tucos)Tuco-tucos (Ctenomys)

-Octodontidae (Degus and allies)Degu (Octodon), Coruro (Spalacopus)

-Abrocomidae (Chinchilla rats)Abrocoma (Chinchilla rat)

-Echimyidae (Spiny rats)Spiny rats (Echimys), Spiny mice (Proechimys)

-Myocastoridae (Nutria)Nutria (Myocastor coypus)

-Capromyidae (Hutias)Hutias (Capromys, Geocapromys)

IV. Summary

Rodents exemplify one of the most successful mammalian radiations, showcasing extensive ecological and morphological diversity. Originating in the Paleocene-Eocene, they spread worldwide, occupying niches from subterranean habitats (mole-rats) to arboreal canopies (squirrels), from aquatic environments (beavers) to grassland ecosystems (marmots, prairie dogs). Their unparalleled adaptability, prolific reproduction, and dental specialization have secured their dominant position as the most species-rich order of mammals.

Carnivora Primates Rodents Chiroptera Eulipotyphla Ungulata Cetacea Lagoiformes Pangolins Proboscidea Monotremata
Mus pahari

Mus pahari

Mus pahari

Rodents LC

Features:The body is small, the ears are light brown, the back is brownish brown, the hair base is dark black, the tail is dark brown above and grayish white below. The four legs are white.

The taxonomic status of Sikkim mice is stable and there is little controversy. There are many subspecies, few studies on subspecies, and the status of several subspecies is unclear.Sikkim mice (scientific name: Mus pahari) are animals of the genus Mus in the family Muridae. In mainland China, they a...

Mus musculus

Mus musculus

Mus musculus,Mouse, rat, little mouse, mickey mouse, domestic deer

Rodents LC

Features:The most distinctive feature of mice is that there is a notch on the lingual edge of the upper incisor, which is very obvious when viewed from the side. House mice are no exception.

The house mouse belongs to the Murinae subfamily. The species originated in India and arrived at the Mediterranean coast at the end of the Pleistocene. The time of its entry into my country is unknown. The species is considered to be an unintentional introduction. In Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, and th...

Mus caroli

Mus caroli

Mus caroli,Ryukyu house mouse, field mouse, moon mouse, Taiwan house mouse

Rodents LC

Features:The belly is light grayish white. The tail is obviously two-colored, with the back and body hair color consistent, and the belly is grayish white.

Castelloni's mouse belongs to the Murinae subfamily. The origin of the model is the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, so it is also called the Ryukyu House Mouse. my country is also the natural distribution area of this mouse. Unlike the house mouse, it is an alien species. Castelloni's mouse is an i...

Niviventer fulvescens

Niviventer fulvescens

Niviventer fulvescens,Mountain rat, red rat, spiny yellow rat, yellow-haired jumping rat

Rodents LC

Features:The needle-haired mouse is medium-sized, with small round ears, brown or brownish-yellow fur on the back and white fur on the belly.

The needle-haired mouse belongs to the Murinae subfamily. The species-level classification status is stable. The distribution altitude span is narrower than that of the communal mouse, generally not exceeding 1000m, and the vegetation type of the habitat is relatively simple, mainly distributed in b...

Niviventer eha

Niviventer eha

Niviventer eha,Niviventer eha eha,Niviventer eha ninus

Rodents LC

Features:There is a black band around the eyes, like the facial makeup of Peking Opera, which is also quite special.

Gray-bellied rat belongs to the Murinae subfamily. The classification status is stable and undisputed. However, the differentiation of subspecies needs further study. It is a forest animal of medium and high altitudes, and the population is large in suitable habitats.Main uses and values: ornamental...

Niviventer excelsior

Niviventer excelsior

Niviventer excelsior,Niviventer excelsior excelsior,Niviventer excelsior tengchongensis

Rodents LC

Features:

The Sichuan White-bellied Rat belongs to the Murinae subfamily. Previously, the Sichuan White-bellied Rat was considered a synonym of the Northern Rat. After the 1980s, its independent status was gradually accepted. The Sichuan White-bellied Rat is a larger individual of the genus Murina. It is a me...

Niviventer confucianus

Niviventer confucianus

Niviventer confucianus,Niviventer confucianus chiliensis,Niviventer confucianus confucianus,Rattus rattus, sulfur-bellied rattus, white-tailed star rattus, spiny gray rattus

Rodents LC

Features:The tail is longer than the body length, and the upper and lower parts of the tail are two colors. The back and body are the same color, and the belly is white. Some individuals have a white tail tip with longer hair at the tip of the tail.

The Northern Society Rat belongs to the Murinae subfamily. The species-level classification status is stable, with many subspecies and some controversy. In appearance, it is somewhat confused with the Niviventer excelsior and Niviventer fulvescens. However, the Niviventer excelsior is larger, with a...

Niviventer coninga

Niviventer coninga

Niviventer coninga,Coxing's White-bellied Rat,Mountain Mouse

Rodents LC

Features:It has a relatively sturdy body, a long and thick tail, large and thin ears, brown or slightly light brown back hair, and pure white belly hair.

The white-bellied giant rat belongs to the Murinae subfamily and the genus Long-tailed Rat. There are 4 species in this genus worldwide, and only the white-bellied giant rat, also known as the small bubble giant rat, is found in China. It is distributed at low altitudes, generally not exceeding 1000...

Berylmys bowersi

Berylmys bowersi

Berylmys bowersi,Green Rat, Mountain Rat, Green Rat

Rodents LC

Features:It is a larger species of rodent in the family Muridae, with a slender body and a size similar to that of the white-bellied giant rat, but with a bluish-brown fur on the back and gray on the back of the front feet. There is a small white section at the end of the tail.

The blue-haired giant rat belongs to the subfamily Murinae. The genus Rattus was previously considered a subgenus of the genus Rattus, and was only promoted to an independent genus by Musser & Newcomb in 1983. The taxonomic status of this species is undisputed. Although this species is widely di...

Bandicota indica

Bandicota indica

Bandicota indica,Large rat, small wallaby,Bandicota indica nemorivaga

Rodents LC

Features:The plate-toothed rat has a bulky body, a short and blunt snout, short ears, a thick tail, sharp claws, dark brown fur on the back, gray-brown fur at the base of the abdomen, and brown-yellow fur tips.

The laminae belongs to the Murinae subfamily and is one of the largest species in the Murinae subfamily. The type origin is India. There are 3 species in this genus worldwide, and 1 species is distributed in China. The taxonomic status of this species is stable, and there are different opinions on w...

Apodemus

Apodemus

Apodemus

Rodents LC

Features:The body shape is very similar to that of the wood mouse, with long ears that can be pulled forward to reach the eyes.

The small-eyed field mouse belongs to the Murinae subfamily. It mainly lives in relatively humid forests and forest-steppes, and enters grasslands and desert steppes along river valleys and shrubs. In northern Xinjiang, it mostly lives in broad-leaved forests dominated by poplars and willows, conife...

Apodemus peninsulae

Apodemus peninsulae

Apodemus peninsulae,Wood mouse, mountain mouse, Korean wood mouse

Rodents LC

Features:A common rodent in forest areas, it has a slender body and resembles the black-striped field mouse, but without the black stripe in the middle of its back.

The Great Wood Mouse belongs to the Murinae subfamily, and its species-level classification status is stable, with more subspecies differentiation and greater divergence. It belongs to the group with a wider distribution, higher altitude (southern China), and northern latitude in the genus Apodemus....

Apodemus latronum

Apodemus latronum

Apodemus latronum

Rodents LC

Features:It has a large body, a long and pointed snout and large ears.

The big-eared field mouse belongs to the subfamily Murinae. This species is only distributed from the Hengduan Mountains in China to southern Tibet, slightly extending to northern Myanmar, and there is no subspecies differentiation. This species is often easily confused with the dragon field mouse (...

Apodemus ilex

Apodemus ilex

Apodemus ilex

Rodents LC

Features:

The Lancangjiang Apodemus belongs to the Murinae subfamily. The taxonomic status of this species is controversial. For a long time, it has been regarded as a subspecies of Apodemus draco, because it is very similar to Apodemus draco in morphology, with only a difference in the fur color on the back....

Apodemus draco

Apodemus draco

Apodemus draco,Apodemus draco draco,Apodemus draco orestes,Apodemus draco semotus,Forest mouse, mountain mouse, dragon mouse

Rodents LC

Features:It is very similar to the black-striped field mouse, but has no black stripes on the back, its tail is usually slightly longer than its body length, and its ear shell is slightly larger and thinner than that of the black-striped field mouse.

Apodemus chinensis belongs to the Murinae subfamily. Also known as Apodemus chinensis, the species status of this species is stable. There were many subspecies in the past, including the current Apodemus taiwanensis and Apodemus lancangjiangensis. After the independence of Apodemus taiwanensis and A...

Apodemus chevrieri

Apodemus chevrieri

Apodemus chevrieri

Rodents LC

Features:It has a slightly large body, small ears, ochre-brown back and outer sides of the limbs, grayish-white dorsal surface, and the ventral surface gradually turns from black-brown to white.

The Alpine Apodemus belongs to the Murinae subfamily. The taxonomic status of this species is also controversial. In the past, some scientists regarded it as a subspecies of the black-lined Apodemus (<Apodemus agrarius>). There are also several synonyms. The Alpine Apodemus is the largest indi...

Apodemus agrarius

Apodemus agrarius

Apodemus agrarius,Field mouse, black-lined mouse, long-tailed black-lined mouse

Rodents LC

Features:There is a distinct vertical black stripe in the middle of the back, starting from the top of the head between the two ears and ending at the base of the tail, which is how the black-striped field mouse got its name.

The black-striped field mouse is a small rodent with a slender and agile body. It belongs to the subfamily Murinae. There are 21 species of the genus Apodemus in the world, 9 of which are in China, and the black-striped field mouse is one of them. It is mainly distributed in farmland, shrubs and gra...

Micromys minutus

Micromys minutus

Micromys minutus,Oat rats, garden rats, dwarf rats, etc.

Rodents LC

Features:They get their name from the fact that they build their nests on plant stems. Apart from the northern jerboa of the family Jerboa, they are the smallest representatives of the order Rodentia.

The nest mouse belongs to the Murinae subfamily. There are only two species in the world, and both are distributed in my country. The taxonomic status of the nest mouse is stable, but there are many subspecies, which is somewhat controversial. It is a common species in wheat fields, rice fields, tal...

Rhombomys opimus

Rhombomys opimus

Rhombomys opimus,Great Gerbil,Yellow rat, Greater sand rat

Rodents LC

Features:The giant gerbil is the largest species in the gerbil subfamily. It has a thick tail that is slightly shorter than its body, with a tuft of hair at the end of its tail. The hair on its head and the center of its back is light sandy yellow with a slight luster.

Gerbils live in colonies, often active during the day, and do not hibernate. In winter, the daily activity rhythm is unimodal, and its activity range generally does not exceed 2.5m; in summer, it is bimodal. As the temperature rises, outdoor activities gradually decrease. They do not go out at noon,...

Meriones unguiculatus

Meriones unguiculatus

Meriones unguiculatus,Meriones unguiculatus unguiculatus,Long-clawed gerbil, Mongolian gerbil, black-clawed Mongolian gerbil, yellow rat, sand rat

Rodents LC

Features:A small to medium-sized rodent with a long, thick tail covered with dense hair. The hair at the end of the tail is longer, forming a "hair tuft" at the end.

The long-clawed gerbil is a small grassland animal, between the size of a large rat and a small rat, a small to medium-sized rodent, and its appearance is very similar to that of the meridian gerbil. It belongs to the subfamily Gerbillinae. The species-level classification status is stable, and only...

Meriones tamariscinus

Meriones tamariscinus

Meriones tamariscinus,Tamarisk gerbil,Sand rat

Rodents LC

Features:It is large in size, has a short tail, short ears, and a brown back.

Tamarix gerbils belong to the Gerbillinae subfamily. The species-level classification status is stable, with 5 subspecies. Tamarix gerbils are the largest species of the genus Gerbil, mainly active in semi-desert meadows and grass, and also more in dry riverbeds and abandoned farmland. In the living...