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mammals

Mammals are an important group of vertebrates characterized by the presence of mothers feeding their offspring. Notable characteristics of mammals include lactation, body hair, endothermy (warm-blooded animals), and a four-chambered heart. There are many species of mammals, living in almost all ecosystems on Earth, from the deep sea to the mountains, from tropical rainforests to the cold polar regions.

  • scientific name:Mammalia

  • Features

    • suckle:Females have mammary glands that secrete milk to feed their young.

    • Body hair:Most mammals are covered with hair.

    • Endothermic:Maintaining a constant body temperature through metabolism.

    • Four-chambered heart:Mammals have four-chambered hearts to ensure efficient oxygen delivery.

    • viviparous:Most mammals reproduce by giving birth to live young, but some species, such as monotremes (e.g. the platypus), lay eggs.

  • Habitat:Almost all habitats on Earth, including land, ocean, fresh water, polar regions, etc.

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Mammal classification table

Mammals are numerous and can be subdivided based on different biological characteristics. Mammals are roughly divided into three subclasses:

  1. Monotremata: Oviparous mammals.

  2. Marsupialia: Kangaroos, koalas, etc., whose young continue to develop in a pouch outside the mother's body.

  3. Eutheria: Viviparous mammals, the most abundant species, including humans, lions, whales, etc.

The following is a detailed classification table of mammals, including all orders, families, genera and typical animals:

sortOrderFamilyGenusExamples
MonotremataMonotremataOrnithorhynchidaeOrnithorhynchusPlatypus, Echidna


TachyglossidaeEchidnaEchidna
MarsupialiaMarsupialiaMacropodidaeMacropusKangaroos, wombats, possums


PhascolarctidaePhascolarctoskoala


DasyuridaeDasyurusBandicoot, Tasmanian devil
EutheriaCarnivoraCanidaeCanisWolf, dog, fox


FelidaeFelisHouse cat, lion, tiger


UrsidaeUrsusBlack bear, brown bear, polar bear

PerissodactylaEquidaeEquusHorse, donkey, zebra


RhinocerotidaeRhinocerosWhite rhino, black rhino


TapiridaeTapirusTapirus

ArtiodactylaBovidaeBosCattle, antelopes, sheep


CervidaeCervusDeer, reindeer, sika deer


SuidaeSusWild boar, domestic pig

CetaceaBalaenidaeMegapteraHumpback whale, blue whale


DelphinidaeDelphinusDolphins, killer whales

PrimatesCercopithecidaePongoOrangutans, gibbons, monkeys


HominidaeHomoHumans, chimpanzees, orangutans

RodentiaSciuridaeSciurusSquirrels, Ground Squirrels


CastoridaeCastorbeaver


MuridaeMusHouse mouse, vole

ChiropteraVespertilionidaeMyotisSmall bat, big bat

LagomorphaLeporidaeOryctolagusRabbit, hare

Characteristics and Adaptations of Mammals

Mammals are one of the most diverse groups in the biological world. Here are the main characteristics of mammals and how they adapt:


1. Breastfeeding

A notable feature of mammals is that mothers secrete milk through their mammary glands to feed their offspring. This allows mammal cubs to receive adequate nutritional support after birth, increasing their survival rate.


2. Body hair

Almost all mammals have body hair, which not only helps to keep warm, but also plays a camouflage or display function in some species. For example, the white hair of polar bears helps them camouflage in the snow and reduce the risk of being discovered by prey.


3. Homeothermy

Mammals maintain a stable body temperature through metabolism, which allows mammals to maintain a suitable temperature regardless of changes in the outside temperature. This feature allows mammals to survive in a variety of environments, including extreme environments such as polar regions and deserts.


4. Viviparity

Most mammals reproduce by giving birth to live young, which allows the embryo to receive more stable nutritional support in the mother's body and be more viable after birth. Some species, such as kangaroos and koalas, adopt marsupial parenting.


5. Diet

Mammals have a variety of diets, from herbivorous to carnivorous and omnivorous. Some species (such as bats) have even evolved to suck blood. Different diets allow mammals to find living space in a variety of ecological environments.


Summary: Mammals are the most advanced animals with the most perfect physiological functions. There are more than 4,000 existing mammals. Almost all mammals are warm-blooded. Feeding their offspring with breast milk is one of their most notable characteristics. Mammals include nearly 30 orders, including Monotremes, Carnivores, Primates, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla.

Carnivora Primates Rodents Chiroptera Eulipotyphla Ungulata Cetacea Lagoiformes Pholidota Proboscidea Monotremata
Lepus timidus

Lepus timidus

Lepus timidus,White rabbit, color-changing rabbit, blue rabbit

Features:The distinctive feature is its short tail, and it is the only hare in China whose fur turns white in winter.

The snow hare is the earliest rabbit species to be named. The species classification is stable, but there are many subspecies and some confusion. This species is very cold-resistant and lives in the taiga forest in the Arctic Circle or close to the Arctic. The snow hare is one of the representative...

Lepus tibetanus

Lepus tibetanus

Lepus tibetanus,Tibetan hare, Tibetan hare, desert hare

Features:The fur color on the back varies, from sandy yellow and black in the summer to grayish brown or sandy brown in the winter as the fur thickens.

The classification status of the Tibetan rabbit is very confusing. It was not until 1930 that it was considered an independent species. Later, it was listed as a subspecies of the plateau rabbit (<Lepus oiostolus>), and was also listed as a subspecies of the Mongolian rabbit (<Lepus tolai&g...

Lepus sinensis

Lepus sinensis

Lepus sinensis,Mountain rabbit, short-eared rabbit, woolly rabbit, hare

Features:The ears are short, folded forward and only reach the front edge of the eye socket.

The classification of South China rabbit is somewhat controversial. The Korean rabbit (Lepus coreanus) distributed on the Korean Peninsula was once included in this species. However, the Korean rabbit has a relatively longer tail.South China rabbit is a pure herbivorous animal, eating various weeds,...

Lepus oiostolus

Lepus oiostolus

Lepus oiostolus,Gray-tailed rabbit, Fluffy rabbit

Features:The hair on the buttocks is short and gray, the black stripes on the tail are unclear, and the hair color is also light.

Plateau rabbits are herbivorous animals. In agricultural areas, they feed on young stems, buds, flowers, fruits, tubers and various weeds of crops. Many types of crops are harmed, such as wheat, beans and vegetables. 80%~90% of its food is various crops, and weeds only account for 10%~20%. In pastor...

Lepus mandshuricus

Lepus mandshuricus

Lepus mandshuricus,Grass rabbit, mountain rabbit, black rabbit, mountain jump

Features:The distinctive feature is the striking black tint. Some individuals have a slightly dark rusty brown color.

This species is controversial in classification. It was once considered to be the Northeast Black Rabbit (<Ochotona melaninus>) and was also included in the Japanese Short-tailed Rabbit (<Lepus brachyurus>). It mainly lives in forests. It is herbivorous and sometimes eats tree bark.North...

Lyncodonpatagonicus

Lyncodonpatagonicus

Lyncodonpatagonicus,Patagonian weasel, steppe weasel

Features:The body hair is white mixed with black and brown

The grassland weasel (scientific name Lyncodonpatagonicus), also known as the Patagonian weasel, is a genus of the Mustelidae family in the order Carnivora, living on the Pampas in South America. Its specific habits are unknown.Local ranchers keep prairie ferrets as working pets (similar to cats and...

Lepus oiostolus

Lepus oiostolus

Lepus oiostolus,Southwest rabbit, Yunnan rabbit

Features:Yunnan rabbit dried feces can be used as medicine, with a pungent and flat nature. It has the functions of detoxification, insecticide, eye-clearing and cataract removal. It is mainly used to treat red eyes, malnutrition and hemorrhoid fistula.

In the past, Yunnan rabbits were long considered a subspecies of the plateau rabbit (Lepus oiostolus). Mr. Luo Zexun, a famous rabbit scientist in my country (1981), finally recognized Yunnan rabbits as an independent species, which was later widely recognized. There are three subspecies, and whethe...

Ochotona coreana

Ochotona coreana

Ochotona coreana

Features:The back of the body is dark brown; the fur on the waist and back is darker, and the black tone is more obvious.

The Changbai Mountain pika belongs to the <Pika> subgenus. It has a narrow distribution range. It was first discovered in northern Korea as an independent species. Later, it was considered a subspecies of the alpine pika. Liu Shaoying et al. (2016) found it to be an independent species through...

Galictis vittata

Galictis vittata

Galictis vittata,Greater nest weasel, South American weasel

Features:It looks quite similar to the honey badger that everyone is familiar with.

The scientific name of the Great Nest Weasel is Galictis vittata. The Great Nest Weasel is territorial and nocturnal, and is sometimes active in the morning. It can climb trees and swim, but rarely does it and spends most of its time on the ground. They live alone or in pairs and mainly eat small ve...

Ochotona pallasi

Ochotona pallasi

Ochotona pallasi,Daurian pika, Pascal's pika, rabbit mouse, rabbit, crying rabbit, Mongolian pika, Daurian pika, Mongolian pika

Features:The body is medium-sized and relatively stout. The body color is lighter, sandy brown. The ears are large and round, and the upper lip is split vertically like a rabbit.

The Mongolian pika belongs to the subgenus <Pika>, and its classification is very confusing. Sometimes the Mongolian pika produced in Ningxia is regarded as an independent species - Ningxia pika (<Ochotona argentata>), but molecular systematic studies have found that the Ningxia pika is...

Galictis cuja

Galictis cuja

Galictis cuja

Features:Very lazy, rarely builds its own nest

Galictis cuja, like most species, is active at night or at dusk, though some also forage during the day. Many species use burrows dug by themselves or by other animals as their nests. Many are primarily terrestrial, and their slender bodies allow them to burrow into burrows to hunt, while some speci...

Ochotona mantchurica

Ochotona mantchurica

Ochotona mantchurica

Features:

The Manchurian pika belongs to the subgenus <Pika>, and its classification status is very confusing. It was previously a subspecies of the Northeastern pika. Russian scientists (Lissovsky, 2012) regarded it as an independent species, but we doubt the accuracy of this classification and further...

Ochotona alpina

Ochotona alpina

Ochotona alpina

Features:Because its tooth structure, eating habits and behavior are similar to those of rabbits, it is named pika.

The Alpine Pika belongs to the subgenus <Pika>, and its taxonomic status is stable, but it is easily confused with the Northeastern Pika (<Ochotona hyperborea>). The Northeastern Pika used to be a synonym of the Alpine Pika, and there are many subspecies and synonyms of the Alpine Pika,...

Vormela peregusna

Vormela peregusna

Vormela peregusna,Marbled Polecat,Flowery dog, stinky dog, horse Aihu

Features:The body is slender and uniform, the ears are oval, the limbs are short and thick, the back is yellow-white, with many brown or pink-brown spots, and the abdomen is dark brown.

The tiger weasel (scientific name: Vormela peregusna) is also known as the Marbled Polecat in English. There are 5 subspecies.The tiger weasel is alert, fierce, has a keen sense of smell, poor vision, and can climb trees. In spring and summer, it likes to move at dawn and dusk and at night. They sel...

Mustela tonkinensis

Mustela tonkinensis

Mustela tonkinensis,Tonkin Weasel

Features:The fur is soft and usually has no markings, and the tail is usually long, thin and pointed.

Vietnamese weasel (scientific name: Mustela tonkinensis) is called Tonkin Weasel in foreign language and is only distributed in Vietnam.Vietnamese weasel mainly forages during the day and moves quickly and agilely. Its vision, hearing and sense of smell are very sensitive. It feeds on small rodents,...

Mustela strigidorsa

Mustela strigidorsa

Mustela strigidorsa,Stripe-backed Weasel、Back-striped Weasel,Weasel

Features:A distinctive cream-colored stripe running from the middle of the nape to the front third of the tail

Stripe-backed Weasel (scientific name: Mustela strigidorsa) is also known as Stripe-backed Weasel or Back-striped Weasel in foreign languages. Its size and body color are similar to those of the yellow-bellied weasel, and it has no subspecies.Stripe-backed Weasel may be a diurnal species, mostly act...

Mustela subpalmata

Mustela subpalmata

Mustela subpalmata,Egyptian Weasel

Features:The skull is small and narrow, the snout is very short, the body is slender, the ears are round and small, and the limbs are short.

Egyptian Weasel (scientific name: Mustela subpalmata), foreign name Egyptian Weasel, no subspecies.The Egyptian weasel species population is thought to have occurred in northern and eastern Israel since the Ice Age, where there are traces of more widespread populations, such as fossils found at Shaa...

Mustela sibirica

Mustela sibirica

Mustela sibirica,Siberian Weasel,Weasel, yellow wolf, yellow skin, Huang Daxian, little weasel

Features:Its fur is brown or orange, and it can catch 6-7 mice in one night.

The yellow weasel (scientific name: Mustela sibirica) is also known as the Siberian Weasel. It is a small carnivore of the family Mustelidae and the class Mammalia. It has 12 subspecies and is commonly known as the yellow weasel.The yellow weasel is a nocturnal animal, especially active in the early...

Mustela russelliana

Mustela russelliana

Mustela russelliana,Sichuan Weasel、Lackedteeth Pygmy Weasel,Sichuan subspecies of Weasel

Features:Small, slender body, small ears, short and dense fur

Sichuan Weasel (scientific name: Mustela russelliana) is also known as Sichuan Weasel and Lackedteeth Pygmy Weasel. It was once a subspecies of Pygmy Weasel. It was classified as an independent species in 2003 without subspecies.Sichuan Weasel is fast and agile. Vision, hearing and smell are very go...

Mustela putorius

Mustela putorius

Mustela putorius,Western Polecat、European Polecat,European weasel, western weasel

Features:The back of the body has black fur, a white cheek, and black in between.

The forest weasel (scientific name: Mustela putorius) is also known as Western Polecat and European Polecat in foreign languages. There are 7 subspecies in total.Most forest weasels are solitary creatures, prefer to live alone, and have a strong sense of territory. They act alone, appear in pairs on...

Mustela nudipes

Mustela nudipes

Mustela nudipes,Malay Weasel,Barefooted weasel, Indochina weasel

Features:No fur around the sole pads

Malay Weasel (scientific name: Mustela nudipes) is also known as Malay Weasel in English. There are 2 subspecies. Specific habits are unknownListed in the 2015 Red List of Endangered Species of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) ver 3.1-Least Concern (LC).Protect wild animals and stop eating game.M...