Home>>All Animals>>Mammal>>Lagoiformes

Lagoiformes

Lagoiformes is an order of mammals, with two families: Leporidae and Ochotonidae. Lagoiformes are typical herbivores, feeding on tender branches and leaves of herbs and trees, and some even nibble on bark in winter, and generally do not drink water. They are distributed in large areas of Asia, Europe, Africa, North America and South America.

I. Introduction to the Order Lagomorpha

1. Key Characteristics:

  • Double Upper Incisors: Unlike rodents, lagomorphs have two pairs of upper incisors (a larger front pair and a small peg-like pair behind it).

  • Herbivorous Diet and Hindgut Fermentation: Lagomorphs are primarily herbivorous, possessing a well-developed cecum that helps digest fibrous plant material.

  • High Reproductive Rate and Wide Distribution: Many lagomorphs breed rapidly and are adaptable to various habitats, from grasslands and forests to deserts and alpine regions.

  • Morphological Variation: This order includes rabbits and hares with relatively long ears and limbs, and pikas, which are smaller with short ears.

2. Diversity and Distribution:

  • There are about 90 extant species in the order Lagomorpha, widely distributed across most continents (except Antarctica and certain isolated islands, aside from human introductions).

  • The order comprises two extant families: Leporidae (rabbits and hares) and Ochotonidae (pikas). Another family, Prolagidae, is extinct.


II. Evolutionary History

1. Origins and Relationships:

  • Historically, lagomorphs were once grouped with rodents, but differences in dental and molecular characteristics led to their recognition as a separate order.

  • Fossil evidence suggests lagomorph origins date back to the late Eocene to early Oligocene (around 34 million years ago), diverging from a common ancestor shared with rodent-like mammals.

2. Geographic Expansion and Adaptive Radiation:

  • As climates changed and land connections formed, lagomorphs spread across Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas.

  • Different lineages adapted to diverse environments: pikas thrive in cold, alpine and steppe habitats, while rabbits and hares inhabit grasslands, deserts, and forests.

3. Human Interactions:

  • Rabbits and hares have long been important as game animals, domestic livestock, and cultural symbols.

  • The European rabbit, introduced to Australia and other regions, exemplifies how introduced lagomorphs can have significant ecological impacts.


III. Classification Overview

Order Lagomorpha
Two primary extant families: Ochotonidae (pikas) and Leporidae (rabbits and hares). An extinct family, Prolagidae, also belongs here.

Family Ochotonidae (Pikas)

FamilyGenusExample SpeciesNotes
OchotonidaeOchotonaOchotona curzoniae (Plateau pika), Ochotona princeps (American pika)Small, short-eared lagomorphs found in Asia and North America, often in alpine or rocky habitats.

(Note: Ochotonidae has only one extant genus, Ochotona, with over 30 species.)

Family Leporidae (Rabbits and Hares)

FamilyGenusExample SpeciesNotes
LeporidaeOryctolagusOryctolagus cuniculus (European rabbit)Ancestor of the domestic rabbit, widely introduced worldwide.

SylvilagusSylvilagus floridanus (Eastern cottontail)Common in the Americas, known for the white “cotton” tail.

LepusLepus californicus (Black-tailed jackrabbit), Lepus arcticus (Arctic hare)Long ears, strong runners, widespread in various habitats.

RomerolagusRomerolagus diazi (Volcano rabbit)Endemic to Mexico’s volcanic regions, small and short-eared.

CaprolagusCaprolagus hispidus (Hispid hare)Found in South Asia’s tall grasslands, endangered due to habitat loss.

BrachylagusBrachylagus idahoensis (Pygmy rabbit)Smallest North American rabbit, inhabits sagebrush steppe.

PentalagusPentalagus furnessi (Amami rabbit)Endemic to Japan’s Amami Islands, considered a “primitive” lagomorph, endangered.

PoelagusPoelagus marjorita (Bunyoro rabbit)Central African forests and savannas.

BunolagusBunolagus monticularis (Riverine rabbit)Rare South African species associated with riverine habitats, endangered.

(Note: There are additional genera within Leporidae; the above are representative examples.)

Extinct Families

FamilyGenusNotes
Prolagidae (Extinct)ProlagusOnce lived around the Mediterranean region, e.g., Prolagus sardus in Sardinia, now extinct in the Holocene.

IV. Summary

Lagomorphs stand apart from rodents due to unique dental features (an extra pair of upper incisors) and other morphological and genetic traits. Their evolutionary history reveals a lineage that diverged in the Paleogene, adapting to a wide range of environments.

From pikas in cold, rocky habitats to rabbits and hares occupying grasslands, deserts, and forests, the order Lagomorpha illustrates how a relatively small group of herbivorous mammals can diversify. Understanding the families, genera, and representative species provides insight into their biological characteristics, ecological roles, and evolutionary significance.

Carnivora Primates Rodents Chiroptera Eulipotyphla Ungulata Cetacea Lagoiformes Pholidota Proboscidea Monotremata
Ochotona huangensis xunhuaensis

Ochotona huangensis xunhuaensis

Ochotona huangensis xunhuaensis

Features:

Xunhua pika, also known as Qinling pika, belongs to the subgenus Alienauroa. It was first published as a subspecies of Tibetan pika (O. thibetana), and was later considered a synonym of Ochotona syrinx. Liu Shaoying et al. (2016) classified it as an independent species because of its tragus, so it w...

Ochotona huanglongensis

Ochotona huanglongensis

Ochotona huanglongensis

Features:

Huanglong Pika belongs to the subgenus Alienauroa. It is mainly distributed in forests below 3100m above sea level in the Minshan Mountains. Low altitude. It prefers rocky and humid habitats. This species is also one of the new species published by Liu Shaoying et al. (2016)....

Dabashan pika

Dabashan pika

Features:Sickle-like ears

The Dabashan pika belongs to the subgenus Alienauroa. The subgenus Alienauroa was established by Liu Shaoying et al. (2016). It is a very special type of pika with an obvious bat-like tragus in its ears. This genus is mainly distributed in forest areas with lower altitudes. This species is also one...

Ochotona yarlungensis

Ochotona yarlungensis

Ochotona yarlungensis

Features:It looks like a Metaceratops, with a narrow dark grey circle on the lip edge.

The Yarlung Zangbo pika belongs to the subgenus Ochotona and is a new species discovered by Liu Shaoying et al. (2016). Its distribution area is very narrow. It lives in relatively dry river valley shrubs with many gravels. There is almost no ecological research. In terms of phylogeny, it has a clos...

Ochotona thomasi

Ochotona thomasi

Ochotona thomasi,Singing Mouse

Features:Cranial stenosis

The scientific name of the narrow-headed pika is Ochotona thomasi, belonging to the subgenus <Ochotona>. It is a very special species with a small population, a narrow distribution area, few studies, and few specimens, which deserves high attention.The narrow-headed pika has complex burrows an...

Ochotona thibetana

Ochotona thibetana

Ochotona thibetana

Features:The ears are short and round, the tail is very short, and the base of the hair on the back is dark gray.

Tibetan pikas are active day and night, and are agile. They often chase each other for fun, and quickly go into the cave when they encounter an enemy.The cave system of Tibetan pikas is complex, with as many as 5-6 exits: the exits are generally opened at haystacks and tree roots. The cave entrance...

Nubulake Pika

Nubulake Pika

Features:There is a circle of yellow hair on the neck behind the ears.

Nubulak pika belongs to the nominate subgenus (<Ochotona>). It was previously incorporated into the steppe pika (<O. pusilla>), the gray pika (<O. roylei>) and the Tibetan pika (<O. thibetana>). Yu Ning and Zheng Changlin (1992) revised it and listed it as an independent spec...

Ochotona dauurica

Ochotona dauurica

Ochotona dauurica,Rabbit, rabbit, crying rabbit, Mongolian pika, Dahur pika

Features:The body color is lighter, sandy brown, the ears are large and round, and the upper lip is split vertically like a rabbit.

The Daurian pika belongs to the subgenus Ochotona, which was once included in the black-lipped pika (Ochotona curzoniae), but its independent species status was later accepted. There are 3 subspecies and 5 synonyms. Therefore, the classification within the species is rather chaotic. It is a common s...

Ochotona curzoniae

Ochotona curzoniae

Ochotona curzoniae,Plateau pika, singing mouse, stone rabbit, Anona

Features:There is a noticeable black colour around the lips.

The black-lipped pika is also known as the plateau pika, the singing pika, the stone rabbit, and is called "Anona" in Tibetan medicine. It belongs to the subgenus "Ochotona". It is also called the plateau pika, and is a key species in the entire Qinghai-Tibet Plateau meadow ecosy...

Ochotona cansus

Ochotona cansus

Ochotona cansus, Singing Mouse

Features:The front feet have five toes with thick and long claws, while the hind feet have four toes with thin and long claws.

The Intercranial Pika, also known as the Singing Pika, belongs to the subgenus Ochotona. It was previously merged into the Tibetan Pika, but later became independent. There is no dispute about the species. It is the smaller individual in the genus. It is distributed at a higher altitude than the Tib...

Angora

Angora

Angora,Grass Rabbit

Features:The hair will grow very long and can grow into a hair ball.

Angora rabbit is a world-famous wool-producing rabbit breed, a type of long-haired rabbit. Its hair is dense and long, and it is also called grass mud rabbit on the Internet. According to data from the international ARBA organization, it originated from the Angora Province in Turkey. Another theory...

Lepus yarkandensis

Lepus yarkandensis

Lepus yarkandensis,Southern Xinjiang rabbit, Shache rabbit, hare

Features:It is a unique species in the Tarim Basin and a remnant species of the Tarim paleo-block.

The Tarim rabbit is called Yarkandhare in English and is a typical desert species.After the Himalayas rose, the Kunlun, Altai and Qilian Mountains rose strongly, and after being connected with the Eurasian continental block, the land area increased, blocking the Indian Ocean warm current, and the cl...

Lepus timidus

Lepus timidus

Lepus timidus,Mountain hare,White rabbit, color-changing rabbit, blue rabbit

Features:It is the only wild rabbit in China whose fur turns white in winter.

The snow hare is called Mountain hare in English, and there are 25 subspecies.Snow hares generally act alone except during the estrus period. During the day, it hides in simple caves under bushes, hollows and fallen trees, which are covered with dead branches and leaves and its own shed hair. It com...

Ochotona argentata

Ochotona argentata

Ochotona argentata,Ningxia pika

Features:It is a larger species of Chinese pika.

Helan Mountain Pika, also known as Ningxia Pika, English name Silver Pika, is a species endemic to China.Helan Mountain Pika is active during the day, active frequently at dawn and dusk, and will build typical pika haystacks. It mainly feeds on leaves and stems of Artemisia, Euphorbia and Poaceae pl...

Ochotona argentata

Ochotona argentata

Helan Mountain pika, Ningxia pika

Features:It is a species endemic to my country and its number is too rare.

Ningxia pika, also known as Helan Mountain pika, belongs to the Leporidae, Lepus species, and Lepus genus. It is a critically endangered species in the world. It is a pika that only lives in the ridge area of the Helan Mountains in northwest China. It mainly inhabits mountain gravel belts above 2,00...

Caprolagus hispidus

Caprolagus hispidus

Rough-haired rabbit, Wire-haired rabbit, Assami rabbit

Features:One of the rarest mammals in the world

Compared with other rabbits, the shag rabbit has shorter ears and brown-black fur. It usually lives in high-altitude grasslands and swamps, and is most active at dawn and dusk. It is a herbivorous rabbit native to the foothills of the Himalayas.They were once common, but have lost their habitat due...

Lepus hainanus

Lepus hainanus

Hainan rabbit, hare, grass rabbit

Features:Hainan rabbit is a species endemic to China, with no subspecies differentiation. It is the smallest and most colorful wild rabbit in China.

The Hainan rabbit is a solitary animal that is active mainly at night, and is most active at dusk or dawn. It lives in bushes and grasslands. It neither hibernates nor aestivates. It reproduces several times a year, with a gestation period of about 30 days, and the young reach sexual maturity in abo...

Ochotona iliensis

Ochotona iliensis

Ili pika, Teddy pika

Features:It looks like both a rabbit and a mouse and is a species unique to my country. Among the only 24 species of the genus Pika recognized internationally, this one has the largest ears, the longest hind legs and the largest body.

The Ili pika is a very endangered and rare species. It was discovered very late and was published as a new species by Li Weidong and Ma Yong in 1986. Due to its rarity and naive appearance, it is loved by people and has received strong attention from the scientific community. It is called the Chines...

Ochotona pusilla

Ochotona pusilla

Ochotona pusilla

Features:The ear has a wide and very obvious white edge; below the white edge there is a very narrow band of black hair, and further down is yellowish-brown hair.

The steppe pika belongs to the subgenus <Pika>. This species has always been considered not to be distributed in my country. In September 2008, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Locust and Rat Control Headquarters collected specimens for the first time in Karamay in northwestern Xinjiang; t...